Method for increasing n-glycosylation site occupancy on therapeutic glycoproteins produced in pichia pastoris

ABSTRACT

Described is a method for increasing the N-glycosylation site occupancy of a therapeutic glycoprotein produced in recombinant host cells modified as described herein and genetically engineered to express the glycoprotein compared to the N-glycosylation site occupancy of the therapeutic glycoprotein produced in a recombinant host cell not modified as described herein. In particular, the method provides recombinant host cells that overexpress a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase, which in particular embodiments is capable of functionally suppressing the lethal phenotype of a mutation of at least one essential protein of the yeast oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex, for example, the  Leishmania major  STT3D protein, in the presence of expression of the host cell genes encoding the endogenous OTase complex. The method is useful for both producing therapeutic glycoproteins with increased N-glycosylation site occupancy in lower eukaryote cells such as yeast and filamentous fungi and in higher eukaryote cells such as plant and insect cells and mammalian cells.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/579,972 filed 20 Aug. 2012, now pending, which is a National Phase entry of PCT International Application No. PCT/US2011/025878 filed 23 Feb. 2011, and which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/307,642, filed 24 Feb. 2010, now expired.

REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY

The sequence listing of the present application is submitted electronically via EFS-Web as an ASCII formatted sequence listing with a file name “GFIMIS00010USPCT-SEQTXT-28JAN2014.txt”, creation date of Jan. 28, 2014, and a size of 151 KB. This sequence listing submitted via EFS-Web is part of the specification and is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

(1) Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to methods for increasing the N-glycosylation site occupancy of a heterologous glycoprotein produced in a recombinant host cell modified according to the present invention and genetically engineered to express the glycoprotein compared to the N-glycosylation site occupancy of the therapeutic glycoprotein produced in a recombinant host cell not modified according to the present invention. In particular, the present invention provides recombinant host cells that overexpress a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase, which in particular embodiments is capable of functionally suppressing the lethal phenotype of a mutation of at least one essential protein of the yeast oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex in the presence of the host cell's endogenous OTase complex and methods to using these host cells to produce heterologous glycoproteins.

(2) Description of Related Art

The ability to produce recombinant human proteins has led to major advances in human health care and remains an active area of drug discovery. Many therapeutic proteins require the posttranslational addition of glycans to specific asparagine residues (N-glycosylation) of the protein to ensure proper structure-function activity and subsequent stability in human serum. For therapeutic use in humans, glycoproteins require human-like N-glycosylation. Mammalian cell lines (e.g., Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, human retinal cells) that can mimic human-like glycoprotein processing have several drawbacks including low protein titers, long fermentation times, heterogeneous products, and continued viral containment. It is therefore desirable to use an expression system that not only produces high protein titers with short fermentation times, but can also produce human-like glycoproteins.

Fungal hosts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae or methylotrophic yeast such as Pichia pastoris have distinct advantages for therapeutic protein expression, for example, they do not secrete high amounts of endogenous proteins, strong inducible promoters for producing heterologous proteins are available, they can be grown in defined chemical media and without the use of animal sera, and they can produce high titers of recombinant proteins (Cregg et al., FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 24: 45-66 (2000)). However, glycosylated proteins expressed in yeast generally contain additional mannose sugars resulting in “high mannose” glycans. Because these high mannose N-glycans can result in adverse responses when administered to certain individuals, yeast have not generally been used to produce therapeutic glycoproteins intended for human use. However, methods for genetically engineering yeast to produce human-like N-glycans are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,029,872 and 7,449,308 along with methods described in U.S. Published Application Nos. 20040230042, 20050208617, 20040171826, 20050208617, and 20060286637. These methods have been used to construct recombinant yeast that can produce therapeutic glycoproteins that have predominantly human-like complex or hybrid N-glycans thereon instead of yeast type N-glycans.

It has been found that while the genetically engineered yeast can produce glycoproteins that have mammalian- or human-like N-glycans, the occupancy of N-glycan attachment sites on glycoproteins varies widely and is generally lower than the occupancy of these same sites in glycoproteins produced in mammalian cells. This has been observed for various recombinant antibodies produced in Pichia pastoris. However, variability of occupancy of N-glycan attachment sites has also been observed in mammalian cells as well. For example, Gawlitzek et al., Identification of cell culture conditions to control N-glycosylation site-occupancy of recombinant glycoproteins expressed in CHO cells, Biotechnol. Bioengin. 103: 1164-1175 (2009), disclosed that N-glycosylation site occupancy can vary for particular sites for particular glycoproteins produced in CHO cells and that modifications in growth conditions can be made to control occupancy at these sites. International Published Application No. WO 2006107990 discloses a method for improving protein N-glycosylation of eukaryotic cells using the dolichol-linked oligosaccharide synthesis pathway. Control of N-glycosylation site occupancy has been reviewed by Jones et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1726: 121-137 (2005). However, there still remains a need for methods for increasing N-glycosylation site occupancy of therapeutic proteins produced in recombinant host cells.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method for producing therapeutic glycoproteins in recombinant host cells modified as disclosed herein wherein the N-glycosylation site occupancy of the glycoproteins produced in the host cells modified as disclosed herein is increased over the N-glycosylation site occupancy of the same glycoproteins produced in host cells not modified as disclosed herein. For example, in yeast host cells modified as disclosed herein, the N-glycosylation site occupancy of glycoproteins produced therein will be the same as or more similar to the N-glycosylation site occupancy of the same glycoproteins produced in recombinant mammalian or human cells.

To increase the N-glycosylation site occupancy on a glycoprotein produced in a recombinant host cell one or more heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) is/are overexpressed in the recombinant host cell either before or simultaneously with the expression of the glycoprotein in the host cell. In particular aspects, at least one of the heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase is capable of functionally complementing a lethal mutation of one or more essential subunits comprising the endogenous host cell hetero-oligomeric oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex. The Leishmania major STT3D protein is an example of a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase that has been shown to suppress a lethal mutation in the STT3 locus and at least one locus selected from WBP1, OST1, SWP1, and OST2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Naseb et al., Molec. Biol. Cell 19: 3758-3768 (2008)). In general, the one or more heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferases is/are overexpressed constitutively or inducibly in the presence of the proteins comprising the host cell's endogenous OTase complex, including the host cell's endogenous STT3 protein. Expression cassettes encoding the heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase gene can either be integrated into any site within the host cell genome or located in the extrachromosomal space of the host cell, i.e., autonomously replicating genetic elements such as plasmids, viruses, 2 μm plasmid, minichromosomes, and the like.

In particular embodiments, one or more of the single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferases is/are the Leishmania sp. STT3A protein, STT3B protein, STT3C protein, STT3D protein, or combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, the one or more single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferases is/are the Leishmania major STT3A protein, STT3B protein, STT3C protein, STT3D protein, or combinations thereof. The nucleic acid molecules encoding the single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferases are not overexpressed in lieu of the expression of the endogenous genes encoding the proteins comprising the host cell's OTase complex, including the host cell STT3 protein. Instead the nucleic acid molecules encoding the single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferases are overexpressed constitutively or inducibly in the presence of the expression of the genes encoding the proteins comprising the host cell's endogenous oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex, which includes expression of the endogenous gene encoding the host cell's STT3. Each expression cassette encoding a single-subunit OTase can either be integrated into any site within the host cell genome or located in the extrachromosomal space of the host cell, i.e., autonomously replicating genetic elements such as plasmids, viruses, 2 nm plasmid, minichromosomes, and the like.

The present invention has been exemplified herein using Pichia pastoris host cells genetically engineered to produce mammalian- or human-like complex N-glycans; however, the present invention can be applied to other yeast or filamentous fungal host cells, in particular, yeast or filamentous fungi genetically engineered to produce mammalian- or human-like complex or hybrid N-glycans, to improve the overall N-glycosylation site occupancy of glycoproteins produced in the yeast or filamentous fungus host cell. In further aspects, the host cells are yeast or filamentous fungi that produce recombinant heterologous proteins that have wild-type or endogenous host cell N-glycosylation patterns, e.g., hypermannosylated or high mannose N-glycans. In further aspects, the host cells are yeast or filamentous fungi that lack alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase activity (e.g., och1p activity in the case of various yeast strains such as but not limited to Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Pichia pastoris) and thus produce recombinant heterologous proteins that have high mannose N-glycans. Furthermore, the present invention can also be applied to plant and mammalian expression system to improve the overall N-glycosylation site occupancy of glycoproteins produced in these plant or mammalian expression systems, particularly glycoproteins that have more than two N-linked glycosylation sites.

Therefore, in one aspect of the above, provided is a method for producing a heterologous glycoprotein in a recombinant host cell, comprising providing a recombinant host cell that includes one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding one or more heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferases and a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heterologous glycoprotein; and culturing the host cell under conditions for expressing the heterologous glycoprotein to produce the heterologous glycoprotein.

In a further aspect of the above, provided is a method for producing a heterologous glycoprotein with mammalian- or human-like complex or hybrid N-glycans in a host cell, comprising providing a host cell that includes one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding one or more heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferases and a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heterologous glycoprotein; and culturing the host cell under conditions for expressing the heterologous glycoprotein to produce the heterologous glycoprotein.

In general, in the above aspects, the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the endogenous oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex are expressed.

In further aspects of the above method, the host cell is selected from the group consisting of Pichia pastoris, Pichia finlandica, Pichia trehalophila, Pichia koclamae, Pichia membranaefaciens, Pichia opuntiae, Pichia thermotolerans, Pichia salictaria, Pichia guercuum, Pichia pijperi, Pichia stiptis, Pichia methanolica, Pichia minuta (Ogataea minuta, Pichia lindneri), Pichia sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces sp., Hansenula polymorpha, Kluyveromyces sp., Kluyveromyces lactis, Candida albicans, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Trichoderma reesei, Chrysosporium lucknowense, Fusarium sp., Fusarium gramineum, Fusarium venenatum, and Neurospora crassa. In other aspects, the host cell is an insect, plant or mammalian host cell.

In a further aspect of the above, provided is a method for producing a heterologous glycoprotein in a lower eukaryote host cell, comprising providing a recombinant lower eukaryote host cell that includes at least one nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase and a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heterologous glycoprotein and wherein the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the endogenous oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex are expressed; and culturing the host cell under conditions for expressing the heterologous glycoprotein to produce the heterologous glycoprotein.

In further aspects of the above method, the lower eukaryote host cell is selected from the group consisting of Pichia pastoris, Pichia finlandica, Pichia trehalophila, Pichia koclamae, Pichia membranaefaciens, Pichia opuntiae, Pichia thermotolerans, Pichia salictaria, Pichia guercuum, Pichia pijperi, Pichia stiptis, Pichia methanolica, Pichia minuta (Ogataea minuta, Pichia lindneri), Pichia sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces sp., Hansenula polymorpha, Kluyveromyces sp., Kluyveromyces lactis, Candida albicans, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Trichoderma reesei, Chrysosporium lucknowense, Fusarium sp., Fusarium gramineum, Fusarium venenatum, and Neurospora crassa.

In a further aspect of the above, provided is a method for producing a heterologous glycoprotein in a recombinant yeast host cell, comprising providing a recombinant yeast host cell that includes at least one nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase and a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heterologous glycoprotein and wherein the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the endogenous oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex are expressed; and culturing the host cell under conditions for expressing the heterologous glycoprotein to produce the heterologous glycoprotein.

In the above methods, the recombinant yeast host cell either produces the glycoprotein with a yeast N-glycan pattern or the yeast has been genetically engineered to produce glycoproteins with a yeast pattern but which lack hypermannosylation but which produce high mannose N-glycans. For example, the yeast can be genetically engineered to lack α1,6-mannosyltransferase activity, e.g., Och1p activity. In further aspects, the yeast is genetically engineered to produce glycoproteins that have mammalian or human-like N-glycans.

In particular embodiments, the single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase is the Leishmania sp. STT3A protein, STT3B protein, STT3C protein, STT3D protein, or combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, the single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase is the Leishmania major STT3A protein, STT3B protein, STT3C protein, STT3D protein, or combinations thereof. In further embodiments, the single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase is capable of functionally suppressing the lethal phenotype of a mutation of at least one essential protein of an OTase complex, for example, a yeast OTase complex. In further aspects, the essential protein of the OTase complex is encoded by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae and/or Pichia pastoris STT3 locus, WBP1 locus, OST1 locus, SWP1 locus, or OST2 locus, or homologue thereof. For example, in further aspects, the for example single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase is the Leishmania major STT3D protein, which is capable of functionally suppressing (or rescuing or complementing) the lethal phenotype of at least one essential protein of the Saccharomyces cerevisae OTase complex.

In further aspects of the above method, the yeast host cell is selected from the group consisting of Pichia pastoris, Pichia finlandica, Pichia trehalophila, Pichia koclamae, Pichia membranaefaciens, Pichia opuntiae, Pichia thermotolerans, Pichia salictaria, Pichia guercuum, Pichia pijperi, Pichia stiptis, Pichia methanolica, Pichia minuta (Ogataea minuta, Pichia lindneri), Pichia sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces sp., Hansenula polymorpha, Kluyveromyces sp., Kluyveromyces lactis, and Candida albicans.

In a further aspect of the above, provided is a method for producing a heterologous glycoprotein in a recombinant yeast host cell, comprising providing a recombinant yeast host cell that includes at least one nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase capable of functionally suppressing the lethal phenotype of a mutation of at least one essential protein of a yeast oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex, and a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heterologous glycoprotein and wherein the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the endogenous oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex are expressed; and culturing the host cell under conditions for expressing the heterologous glycoprotein to produce the heterologous glycoprotein.

In the above methods, the recombinant yeast host cell either produces the glycoprotein with a yeast N-glycan pattern or the yeast has been genetically engineered to produce glycoproteins with a yeast pattern that includes high mannose N-glycans but which lack hypermannosylation. For example, the yeast can be genetically engineered to lack α1,6-mannosyltransferase activity, e.g., Och1p activity. In further aspects, the yeast is genetically engineered to produce glycoproteins that have mammalian or human-like N-glycans.

In particular embodiments, the host cell further includes one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the Leishmania sp. STT3A protein, STT3B protein, STT3C protein, STT3D protein, or combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, the host cell further includes one or more nucleic acids encoding the Leishmania major STT3A protein, STT3B protein, STT3C protein, or combinations thereof.

In further aspects of the above method, the yeast host cell is selected from the group consisting of Pichia pastoris, Pichia finlandica, Pichia trehalophila, Pichia koclamae, Pichia membranaefaciens, Pichia opuntiae, Pichia thermotolerans, Pichia salictaria, Pichia guercuum, Pichia pijperi, Pichia stiptis, Pichia methanolica, Pichia minuta (Ogataea minuta, Pichia lindneri), Pichia sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces sp., Hansenula polymorpha, Kluyveromyces sp., Kluyveromyces lactis, and Candida albicans.

In a further aspect of the above, provided is a method for producing a heterologous glycoprotein in a filamentous fungus host cell, comprising providing a filamentous fungus host cell that includes at least one nucleic acid molecule encoding a single-subunit heterologous oligosaccharyltransferase and a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heterologous glycoprotein and wherein the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the endogenous oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex are expressed; and culturing the host cell under conditions for expressing the heterologous glycoprotein to produce the heterologous glycoprotein. The filamentous fungus host cell produces the glycoprotein in which the N-glycans have a filamentous fungus pattern or it is genetically engineered to produce glycoproteins that have mammalian or human-like N-glycans.

In particular embodiments, the single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase is the Leishmania sp. STT3A protein, STT3B protein, STT3C protein, STT3D protein, or combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, the single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase is the Leishmania major STT3A protein, STT3B protein, STT3C protein, STT3D protein or combinations thereof. In further embodiments, the single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase is capable of functionally suppressing the lethal phenotype of a mutation of at least one essential protein of an OTase complex, for example, a yeast OTase complex. In further aspects, the essential protein of the OTase complex is encoded by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae and/or Pichia pastoris STT3 locus, WBP1 locus, OST1 locus, SWP1 locus, or OST2 locus, or homologue thereof. For example, in further aspects, the single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase is the Leishmania major STT3D protein, which is capable of functionally suppressing (or rescuing or complementing) the lethal phenotype of at least one essential protein of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae OTase complex.

In further aspects of the above, the filamentous fungus host cell is selected from the group consisting of Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Trichoderma reesei, Chrysosporium lucknowense, Fusarium sp., Fusarium gramineum, Fusarium venenatum, and Neurospora crassa.

In further embodiments of any one of the above methods, the host cell is genetically engineered to produce glycoproteins comprising one or more mammalian- or human-like complex N-glycans selected from G0, G1, G2, A1, or A2. In further embodiments, the host cell is genetically engineered to produce glycoproteins comprising one or more mammalian- or human-like complex N-glycans that have bisected N-glycans or have multiantennary N-glycans. In other embodiments, the host cell is genetically engineered to produce glycoproteins comprising one or more mammalian- or human-like hybrid N-glycans selected from GlcNAcMan₃GlcNAc₂; GalGlcNAcMan₃GlcNAc₂; NANAGalGlcNAcMan₃GlcNAc₂; Man₅GlcNAc₂, GlcNAcMan₅GlcNAc₂, GalGlcNAcMan₅GlcNAc₂, and NANAGalGlcNAcMan₅GlcNAc₂. In further embodiments, the N-glycan structure consists of the G-2 structure Man₃GlcNAc₂.

In particular embodiments of any one of the above methods, the heterologous glycoprotein can be for example, erythropoietin (EPO); cytokines such as interferon α, interferon β, interferon γ, and interferon ω; and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GCSF); granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF); coagulation factors such as factor VIII, factor IX, and human protein C; antithrombin III; thrombin; soluble IgE receptor α-chain; immunoglobulins such as IgG, IgG fragments, IgG fusions, and IgM; immunoadhesions and other Fc fusion proteins such as soluble TNF receptor-Fc fusion proteins; RAGE-Fc fusion proteins; interleukins; urokinase; chymase; urea trypsin inhibitor; IGF-binding protein; epidermal growth factor; growth hormone-releasing factor; annexin V fusion protein; angiostatin; vascular endothelial growth factor-2; myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor-1; osteoprotegerin; α-1-antitrypsin; α-feto proteins; DNase II; kringle 3 of human plasminogen; glucocerebrosidase; TNF binding protein 1; follicle stimulating hormone; cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4-Ig; transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand; glucagon like protein 1; or IL-2 receptor agonist.

In further embodiments of any one of the above methods, the heterologous protein is an antibody, examples of which, include but are not limited to, an anti-Her2 antibody, anti-RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) antibody, anti-TNFα antibody, anti-VEGF antibody, anti-CD3 receptor antibody, anti-CD41 7E3 antibody, anti-CD25 antibody, anti-CD52 antibody, anti-CD33 antibody, anti-IgE antibody, anti-CD11a antibody, anti-EGF receptor antibody, or anti-CD20 antibody.

In particular aspects of any one of the above methods, the host cell includes one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding one or more catalytic domains of a glycosidase, mannosidase, or glycosyltransferase activity derived from a member of the group consisting of UDP-GlcNAc transferase (GnT) I, GnT II, GnT III, GnT IV, GnT V, GnT VI, UDP-galactosyltransferase (GalT), fucosyltransferase, and sialyltransferase. In particular embodiments, the mannosidase is selected from the group consisting of C. elegans mannosidase IA, C. elegans mannosidase IB, D. melanogaster mannosidase IA, H. sapiens mannosidase IB, P. citrinum mannosidase I, mouse mannosidase IA, mouse mannosidase IB, A. nidulans mannosidase IA, A. nidulans mannosidase IB, A. nidulans mannosidase IC, mouse mannosidase II, C. elegans mannosidase II, H. sapiens mannosidase II, and mannosidase III.

In certain aspects of any one of the above methods, at least one catalytic domain is localized by forming a fusion protein comprising the catalytic domain and a cellular targeting signal peptide. The fusion protein can be encoded by at least one genetic construct formed by the in-frame ligation of a DNA fragment encoding a cellular targeting signal peptide with a DNA fragment encoding a catalytic domain having enzymatic activity. Examples of targeting signal peptides include, but are not limited to, membrane-bound proteins of the ER or Golgi, retrieval signals, Type II membrane proteins, Type I membrane proteins, membrane spanning nucleotide sugar transporters, mannosidases, sialyltransferases, glucosidases, mannosyltransferases, and phospho-mannosyltransferases.

In particular aspects of any one of the above methods, the host cell further includes one or more nucleic acid molecules encode one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of UDP-GlcNAc transporter, UDP-galactose transporter, GDP-fucose transporter, CMP-sialic acid transporter, and nucleotide diphosphatases.

In further aspects of any one of the above methods, the host cell includes one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding an α1,2-mannosidase activity, a UDP-GlcNAc transferase (GnT) I activity, a mannosidase II activity, and a GnT II activity.

In further still aspects of any one of the above methods, the host cell includes one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding an α1,2-mannosidase activity, a UDP-GlcNAc transferase (GnT) I activity, a mannosidase II activity, a GnT II activity, and a UDP-galactosyltransferase (GalT) activity.

In further still aspects of any one of the above methods, the host cell is deficient in the activity of one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of mannosyltransferases and phosphomannosyltransferases. In further still aspects, the host cell does not express an enzyme selected from the group consisting of 1,6 mannosyltransferase, 1,3 mannosyltransferase, and 1,2 mannosyltransferase.

In a particular aspect of any one of the above methods, the host cell is an och1 mutant of Pichia pastoris.

Further provided is a host cell, comprising (a) a first nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase; and (b) a second nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous glycoprotein; and the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the endogenous oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex are expressed, which includes expression of the endogenous host cell STT3 gene.

Further provided is a lower eukaryotic host cell, comprising (a) a first nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase; and (b) a second nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous glycoprotein; and the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the endogenous oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex are expressed.

Further provided is a yeast host cell, comprising (a) a first nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase; and (b) a second nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous glycoprotein; and the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the endogenous oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex are expressed.

Further provided is a yeast host cell, comprising (a) a first nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase capable of functionally suppressing the lethal phenotype of a mutation of at least one essential protein of a yeast oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex; and (b) a second nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous glycoprotein; and the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the endogenous oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex are expressed.

Further provided is a filamentous fungus host cell comprising (a) a first nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase; and (b) a second nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous glycoprotein; and the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the endogenous oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex are expressed.

Further provided is a filamentous fungus host cell, comprising (a) a first nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase capable of functionally suppressing the lethal phenotype of a mutation of at least one essential protein of a yeast or filamentous fungus oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex; and (b) a second nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous glycoprotein; and the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the endogenous oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex are expressed

In particular embodiments, the single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase is the Leishmania sp. STT3A protein, STT3B protein, STT3C protein, STT3D protein, or combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, the single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase is the Leishmania major STT3A protein, STT3B protein, STT3C protein, STT3D protein, or combinations thereof. In further embodiments, the single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase is capable of functionally suppressing the lethal phenotype of a mutation of at least one essential protein of an OTase complex, for example, a yeast OTase complex. In further aspects, the essential protein of the OTase complex is encoded by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae and/or Pichia pastoris STT3 locus, WBP1 locus, OST1 locus, SWP1 locus, or OST2 locus, or homologue thereof. For example, in further aspects, the for example single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase is the Leishmania major STT3D protein, which is capable of functionally suppressing (or rescuing or complementing) the lethal phenotype of at least one essential protein of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae OTase complex.

In further aspects, the above host cells further include one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding a Leishmania sp. STT3A protein, STT3B protein, STT3C protein, or combinations thereof.

In further embodiments of any one of the above host cells, the host cell is genetically engineered to produce glycoproteins comprising one or more mammalian- or human-like complex N-glycans selected from G0, G1, G2, A1, or A2. In further embodiments, the host cell is genetically engineered to produce glycoproteins comprising one or more human-like complex N-glycans that bisected N-glycans or have multiantennary N-glycans. In other embodiments, the host cell is genetically engineered to produce glycoproteins comprising one or more mammalian- or human-like hybrid N-glycans selected from GlcNAcMan₃GlcNAc₂; GalGlcNAcMan₃GlcNAc₂; NANAGalGlcNAcMan₃GlcNAc₂; Man₅GlcNAc₂, GlcNAcMan₅GlcNAc₂, GalGlcNAcMan₅GlcNAc₂, and NANAGalGlcNAcMan₅GlcNAc₂. In further embodiments, the N-glycan structure consists of the G-2 structure Man₃GlcNAc₂.

In particular embodiments of any one of the above host cells, the heterologous glycoprotein can be for example, selected from the group consisting of erythropoietin (EPO); cytokines such as interferon α, interferon β, interferon γ, and interferon ω; and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GCSF); granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF); coagulation factors such as factor VIII, factor IX, and human protein C; antithrombin III; thrombin; soluble IgE receptor α-chain; immunoglobulins such as IgG, IgG fragments, IgG fusions, and IgM; immunoadhesions and other Fc fusion proteins such as soluble TNF receptor-Fc fusion proteins; RAGE-Fc fusion proteins; interleukins; urokinase; chymase; urea trypsin inhibitor; IGF-binding protein; epidermal growth factor; growth hormone-releasing factor; annexin V fusion protein; angiostatin; vascular endothelial growth factor-2; myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor-1; osteoprotegerin; α-1-antitrypsin; α-feto proteins; DNase II; kringle 3 of human plasminogen; glucocerebrosidase; TNF binding protein 1; follicle stimulating hormone; cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4-Ig; transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand; glucagon like protein 1; and IL-2 receptor agonist.

In further embodiments of any one of the above host cells, the heterologous protein is an antibody, examples of which, include but are not limited to, an anti-Her2 antibody, anti-RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) antibody, anti-TNFα antibody, anti-VEGF antibody, anti-CD3 receptor antibody, anti-CD41 7E3 antibody, anti-CD25 antibody, anti-CD52 antibody, anti-CD33 antibody, anti-IgE antibody, anti-CD11a antibody, anti-EGF receptor antibody, or anti-CD20 antibody.

In particular aspects of the above host cells, the host cell includes one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding one or more catalytic domains of a glycosidase, mannosidase, or glycosyltransferase activity derived from a member of the group consisting of UDP-GlcNAc transferase (GnT) I, GnT II, GnT III, GnT IV, GnT V, GnT VI, UDP-galactosyltransferase (GalT), fucosyltransferase, and sialyltransferase. In particular embodiments, the mannosidase is selected from the group consisting of C. elegans mannosidase IA, C. elegans mannosidase IB, D. melanogaster mannosidase IA, H. sapiens mannosidase IB, P. citrinum mannosidase I, mouse mannosidase IA, mouse mannosidase IB, A. nidulans mannosidase IA, A. nidulans mannosidase IB, A. nidulans mannosidase IC, mouse mannosidase II, C. elegans mannosidase II, H. sapiens mannosidase II, and mannosidase III.

In certain aspects of any one of the above host cells, at least one catalytic domain is localized by forming a fusion protein comprising the catalytic domain and a cellular targeting signal peptide. The fusion protein can be encoded by at least one genetic construct formed by the in-frame ligation of a DNA fragment encoding a cellular targeting signal peptide with a DNA fragment encoding a catalytic domain having enzymatic activity. Examples of targeting signal peptides include, but are not limited to, those to membrane-bound proteins of the ER or Golgi, retrieval signals such as HDEL or KDEL, Type II membrane proteins, Type I membrane proteins, membrane spanning nucleotide sugar transporters, mannosidases, sialyltransferases, glucosidases, mannosyltransferases, and phospho-mannosyltransferases.

In particular aspects of any one of the above host cells, the host cell further includes one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of UDP-GlcNAc transporter, UDP-galactose transporter, GDP-fucose transporter, CMP-sialic acid transporter, and nucleotide diphosphatases.

In further aspects of any one of the above host cells, the host cell includes one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding an α1,2-mannosidase activity, a UDP-GlcNAc transferase (GnT) I activity, a mannosidase II activity, and a GnT II activity.

In further still aspects of any one of the above host cells, the host cell includes one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding an α1,2-mannosidase activity, a UDP-GlcNAc transferase (GnT) I activity, a mannosidase II activity, a GnT II activity, and a UDP-galactosyltransferase (GalT) activity.

In further aspects of any one of the above host cells, the host cell is selected from the group consisting of Pichia pastoris, Pichia finlandica, Pichia trehalophila, Pichia koclamae, Pichia membranaefaciens, Pichia opuntiae, Pichia thermotolerans, Pichia salictaria, Pichia guercuum, Pichia pijperi, Pichia stiptis, Pichia methanolica, Pichia sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces sp., Hansenula polymorpha, Kluyveromyces sp., Kluyveromyces lactis, Candida albicans, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Trichoderma reesei, Chrysosporium lucknowense, Fusarium sp., Fusarium gramineum, Fusarium venenatum, Neurospora crassa, plant cells, insect cells, and mammalian cells.

In further still aspects of any one of the above host cells, the host cell is deficient in the activity of one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of mannosyltransferases and phosphomannosyltransferases. In further still aspects, the host cell does not express an enzyme selected from the group consisting of 1,6 mannosyltransferase, 1,3 mannosyltransferase, and 1,2 mannosyltransferase.

In a particular aspect of any one of the above host cells, the host cell is Pichia pastoris. In a further aspect, the host cell is an och1 mutant of Pichia pastoris. The methods and host cells herein can be used to produce glycoprotein compositions in which at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% of the N-glycosylation sites of the glycoproteins in the composition are occupied.

Further, the methods and host cells herein can be used to produce glycoprotein compositions in which at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% of the N-glycosylation sites of the glycoproteins in the composition are occupied and which in further aspects have mammalian- or human-like N-glycans that lack fucose.

Further, the methods and yeast or filamentous fungus host cells are genetically engineered to produce mammalian-like or human-like N-glycans can be used to produce glycoprotein compositions in which at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% of the N-glycosylation sites of the glycoproteins in the composition are occupied and which in further aspects have mammalian- or human-like N-glycans that lack fucose.

In some aspects, the yeast or filamentous host cells genetically engineered to produce fucosylated mammalian- or human-like N-glycans can be used to produce glycoprotein compositions in which at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% of the N-glycosylation sites of the glycoproteins in the composition are occupied and which in further aspects have mammalian- or human-like N-glycans that have fucose.

The methods and host cells herein can be used to produce antibody compositions in which at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% antibody molecules in the compositions have both N-glycosylation sites occupied.

Further, the methods and host cells herein can be used to produce antibody compositions in which at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% antibody molecules in the compositions have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and the N-glycans lack fucose.

Further, the methods and yeast or filamentous fungus host cells herein can be used to produce antibody compositions in which at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% antibody molecules in the compositions have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and the N-glycans lack fucose.

Further, the methods and yeast or filamentous fungus host cells genetically engineered to produce mammalian-like or human-like N-glycans can be used to produce antibody compositions in which at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% antibody molecules in the compositions have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and the antibodies have mammalian- or human-like N-glycans that lack fucose. In some aspects, the yeast or filamentous host cells genetically engineered to produce fucosylated mammalian- or human-like N-glycans can be used to produce antibody compositions in which at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% antibody molecules in the compositions have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and the antibodies have mammalian- or human-like N-glycans with fucose.

Further provided is a glycoprotein composition comprising a plurality of antibodies wherein about 70% to about 99% of the intact antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and about 50-70 mole % of the N-glycans have a G0 structure, 15-25 mole % of the N-glycans have a G1 structure, 4-12 mole % of the N-glycans have a G2 structure, 5-17 mole % of the N-glycans have a Man5 structure, and 3-15 mole % of the N-glycans have a hybrid structure, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Further still is provided is a glycoprotein composition comprising a plurality of antibodies wherein about 70% to 99% of the intact antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and about 53 to 58 mole % of the N-glycans have a G0 structure, 20-22 mole % of the N-glycans have a G1 structure, and about 16 to 18 mole % of the N-glycans comprise a Man₅GlcNAc₂ core structure, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In particular embodiments, the antibodies comprise an antibody selected from the group consisting of anti-Her2 antibody, anti-RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) antibody, anti-TNFα antibody, anti-VEGF antibody, anti-CD3 receptor antibody, anti-CD41 7E3 antibody, anti-CD25 antibody, anti-CD52 antibody, anti-CD33 antibody, anti-IgE antibody, anti-CD11a antibody, anti-EGF receptor antibody, and anti-CD20 antibody.

Further provided are compositions comprising one or more glycoproteins produced by the host cells and methods described herein.

In particular embodiments, the glycoprotein compositions provided herein comprise glycoproteins having fucosylated and non-fucosylated hybrid and complex N-glycans, including bisected and multiantennary species, including but not limited to N-glycans such as GlcNAc₍₁₋₄₎Man₃GlcNAc₂; Gal₍₁₋₄₎GlcNAc₍₁₋₄₎Man₃GlcNAc₂; NANA₍₁₋₄₎Gal₍₁₋₄₎GlcNAc₍₁₋₄₎Man₃GlcNAc₂.

In particular embodiments, the glycoprotein compositions provided herein comprise glycoproteins having at least one hybrid N-glycan selected from the group consisting of GlcNAcMan₃GlcNAc₂; GalGlcNAcMan₃GlcNAc₂; NANAGalGlcNAcMan₃GlcNAc₂; GlcNAcMan₅GlcNAc₂; GalGlcNAcMan₅GlcNAc₂; and NANAGalGlcNAcMan₅GlcNAc₂. In particular aspects, the hybrid N-glycan is the predominant N-glycan species in the composition. In further aspects, the hybrid N-glycan is a particular N-glycan species that comprises about 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% of the hybrid N-glycans in the composition.

In particular embodiments, the glycoprotein compositions provided herein comprise glycoproteins having at least one complex N-glycan selected from the group consisting of GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂; GalGlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂; Gal₂GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂; NANAGal₂GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂; and NANA₂Gal₂GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂. In particular aspects, the complex N-glycan is the predominant N-glycan species in the composition. In further aspects, the complex N-glycan is a particular N-glycan species that comprises about 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% of the complex N-glycans in the composition.

In particular embodiments, the N-glycan is fusosylated. In general, the fucose is in an α1,3-linkage with the GlcNAc at the reducing end of the N-glycan, an α1,6-linkage with the GlcNAc at the reducing end of the N-glycan, an α1,2-linkage with the Gal at the non-reducing end of the N-glycan, an α1,3-linkage with the GlcNac at the non-reducing end of the N-glycan, or an α1,4-linkage with a GlcNAc at the non-reducing end of the N-glycan.

Therefore, in particular aspects of the above the glycoprotein compositions, the glycoform is in an α1,3-linkage or α1,6-linkage fucose to produce a glycoform selected from the group consisting of GlcNAcMan₅GlcNAc₂(Fuc), GlcNAcMan₃GlcNAc₂(Fuc), GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂(Fuc), GalGlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂(Fuc), Gal₂GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂(Fuc), NANAGal₂GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂(Fuc), and NANA₂Gal₂GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂(Fuc); in an α1,3-linkage or α1,4-linkage fucose to produce a glycoform selected from the group consisting of GlcNAc(Fuc)Man₅GlcNAc₂, GlcNAc(Fuc)Man₃GlcNAc₂, GlcNAc₂(Fuc₁₋₂)Man₃GlcNAc₂, GalGlcNAc₂(Fuc₁₋₂)Man₃GlcNAc₂, Gal₂GlcNAc₂(Fuc1-2)Man3GlcNAc₂, NANAGal₂GlcNAc₂(Fuc₁₋₂)Man₃GlcNAc₂, and NANA₂Gal₂GlcNAc₂(Fuc₁₋₂)Man₃GlcNAc₂; or in an α1,2-linkage fucose to produce a glycoform selected from the group consisting of Gal(Fuc)GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂, Gal₂(Fuc₁₋₂)GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂, NANAGal₂(Fuc₁₋₂)GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂, and

NANA₂Gal₂(Fuc₁₋₂)GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂.

In further aspects of the above, the complex N-glycans further include fucosylated and non-fucosylated bisected and multiantennary species.

In further aspects, the glycoproteins comprise high mannose N-glycans, including but not limited to, Man₅GlcNAc₂, or N-glycans that consist of the Man₃GlcNAc₂ N-glycan structure.

DEFINITIONS

As used herein, the terms “N-glycan” and “glycoform” are used interchangeably and refer to an N-linked oligosaccharide, for example, one that is attached by an asparagine-N-acetylglucosamine linkage to an asparagine residue of a polypeptide. N-linked glycoproteins contain an N-acetylglucosamine residue linked to the amide nitrogen of an asparagine residue in the protein. The predominant sugars found on glycoproteins are glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose, N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and sialic acid (e.g., N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (NANA)). The processing of the sugar groups occurs co-translationally in the lumen of the ER and continues post-translationally in the Golgi apparatus for N-linked glycoproteins.

N-glycans have a common pentasaccharide core of Man₃GlcNAc₂ (“Man” refers to mannose; “Glc” refers to glucose; and “NAc” refers to N-acetyl; GlcNAc refers to N-acetylglucosamine). Usually, N-glycan structures are presented with the non-reducing end to the left and the reducing end to the right. The reducing end of the N-glycan is the end that is attached to the Asn residue comprising the glycosylation site on the protein. N-glycans differ with respect to the number of branches (antennae) comprising peripheral sugars (e.g., GlcNAc, galactose, fucose and sialic acid) that are added to the Man₃GlcNAc₂ (“Man3”) core structure which is also referred to as the “triammnose core”, the “pentasaccharide core” or the “paucimannose core”. N-glycans are classified according to their branched constituents (e.g., high mannose, complex or hybrid). A “high mannose” type N-glycan has five or more mannose residues. A “complex” type N-glycan typically has at least one GlcNAc attached to the 1,3 mannose arm and at least one GlcNAc attached to the 1,6 mannose arm of a “trimannose” core. Complex N-glycans may also have galactose (“Gal”) or N-acetylgalactosamine (“GalNAc”) residues that are optionally modified with sialic acid or derivatives (e.g., “NANA” or “NeuAc”, where “Neu” refers to neuraminic acid and “Ac” refers to acetyl). Complex N-glycans may also have intrachain substitutions comprising “bisecting” GlcNAc and core fucose (“Fuc”). Complex N-glycans may also have multiple antennae on the “trimannose core,” often referred to as “multiple antennary glycans.” A “hybrid” N-glycan has at least one GlcNAc on the terminal of the 1,3 mannose arm of the trimannose core and zero or more mannoses on the 1,6 mannose arm of the trimannose core. The various N-glycans are also referred to as “glycoforms.”

With respect to complex N-glycans, the terms “G-2”, “G-1”, “G0”, “G1”, “G2”, “A1”, and “A2” mean the following. “G-2” refers to an N-glycan structure that can be characterized as Man₃GlcNAc₂; the term “G-1” refers to an N-glycan structure that can be characterized as GlcNAcMan₃GlcNAc₂; the term “G0” refers to an N-glycan structure that can be characterized as GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂; the term “G1” refers to an N-glycan structure that can be characterized as GalGlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂; the term “G2” refers to an N-glycan structure that can be characterized as Gal₂GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂; the term “A1” refers to an N-glycan structure that can be characterized as NANAGal₂GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂; and, the term “A2” refers to an N-glycan structure that can be characterized as NANA₂Gal₂GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂. Unless otherwise indicated, the terms G-2″, “G-1”, “G0”, “G1”, “G2”, “A1”, and “A2” refer to N-glycan species that lack fucose attached to the GlcNAc residue at the reducing end of the N-glycan. When the term includes an “F”, the “F” indicates that the N-glcyan species contains a fucose residue on the GlcNAc residue at the reducing end of the N-glycan. For example, G0F, G1F, G2F, A1F, and A2F all indicate that the N-glycan further includes a fucose residue attached to the GlcNAc residue at the reducing end of the N-glycan. Lower eukaryotes such as yeast and filamentous fungi do not normally produce N-glycans that produce fucose.

With respect to multiantennary N-glycans, the term “multiantennary N-glycan” refers to N-glycans that further comprise a GlcNAc residue on the mannose residue comprising the non-reducing end of the 1,6 arm or the 1,3 arm of the N-glycan or a GlcNAc residue on each of the mannose residues comprising the non-reducing end of the 1,6 arm and the 1,3 arm of the N-glycan. Thus, multiantennary N-glycans can be characterized by the formulas GlcNAc₍₂₋₄₎Man₃GlcNAc₂, Gal₍₁₋₄₎GlcNAc₍₂₋₄₎Man₃GlcNAc₂, or NANA₍₁₋₄₎Gal₍₁₋₄₎GlcNAc₍₂₋₄₎Man₃GlcNAc₂. The term “1-4” refers to 1, 2, 3, or 4 residues.

With respect to bisected N-glycans, the term “bisected N-glycan” refers to N-glycans in which a GlcNAc residue is linked to the mannose residue at the reducing end of the N-glycan. A bisected N-glycan can be characterized by the formula GlcNAc₃Man₃GlcNAc₂ wherein each mannose residue is linked at its non-reducing end to a GlcNAc residue. In contrast, when a multiantennary N-glycan is characterized as GlcNAc₃Man₃GlcNAc₂, the formula indicates that two GlcNAc residues are linked to the mannose residue at the non-reducing end of one of the two arms of the N-glycans and one GlcNAc residue is linked to the mannose residue at the non-reducing end of the other arm of the N-glycan.

Abbreviations used herein are of common usage in the art, see, e.g., abbreviations of sugars, above. Other common abbreviations include “PNGase”, or “glycanase” or “glucosidase” which all refer to peptide N-glycosidase F (EC 3.2.2.18).

As used herein, the term “glycoprotein” refers to any protein having one or more N-glycans attached thereto. Thus, the term refers both to proteins that are generally recognized in the art as a glycoprotein and to proteins which have been genetically engineered to contain one or more N-linked glycosylation sites.

As used herein, a “humanized glycoprotein” or a “human-like glycoprotein” refers alternatively to a protein having attached thereto N-glycans having fewer than four mannose residues, and synthetic glycoprotein intermediates (which are also useful and can be manipulated further in vitro or in vivo) having at least five mannose residues. Preferably, glycoproteins produced according to the invention contain at least 30 mole %, preferably at least 40 mole % and more preferably 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or even 100 mole % of the Man₅GlcNAc₂ intermediate, at least transiently. This may be achieved, e.g., by engineering a host cell of the invention to express a “better”, i.e., a more efficient glycosylation enzyme. For example, a mannosidase is selected such that it will have optimal activity under the conditions present at the site in the host cell where proteins are glycosylated and is introduced into the host cell preferably by targeting the enzyme to a host cell organelle where activity is desired.

The term “recombinant host cell” (“expression host cell”, “expression host system”, “expression system” or simply “host cell”), as used herein, is intended to refer to a cell into which a recombinant vector has been introduced. It should be understood that such terms are intended to refer not only to the particular subject cell but to the progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term “host cell” as used herein. A recombinant host cell may be an isolated cell or cell line grown in culture or may be a cell which resides in a living tissue or organism. Preferred host cells are yeasts and fungi.

When referring to “mole percent” of a glycan present in a preparation of a glycoprotein, the term means the molar percent of a particular glycan present in the pool of N-linked oligosaccharides released when the protein preparation is treated with PNGase and then quantified by a method that is not affected by glycoform composition, (for instance, labeling a PNGase released glycan pool with a fluorescent tag such as 2-aminobenzamide and then separating by high performance liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis and then quantifying glycans by fluorescence intensity). For example, 50 mole percent GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂Gal₂NANA₂ means that 50 percent of the released glycans are GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂Gal₂NANA₂ and the remaining 50 percent are comprised of other N-linked oligosaccharides. In embodiments, the mole percent of a particular glycan in a preparation of glycoprotein will be between 20% and 100%, preferably above 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% or 45%, more preferably above 50%, 55%, 60%, 65% or 70% and most preferably above 75%, 80% 85%, 90% or 95%.

The term “operably linked” expression control sequences refers to a linkage in which the expression control sequence is contiguous with the gene of interest to control the gene of interest, as well as expression control sequences that act in trans or at a distance to control the gene of interest.

The term “expression control sequence” or “regulatory sequences” are used interchangeably and as used herein refer to polynucleotide sequences which are necessary to affect the expression of coding sequences to which they are operably linked. Expression control sequences are sequences which control the transcription, post-transcriptional events and translation of nucleic acid sequences. Expression control sequences include appropriate transcription initiation, termination, promoter and enhancer sequences; efficient RNA processing signals such as splicing and polyadenylation signals; sequences that stabilize cytoplasmic mRNA; sequences that enhance translation efficiency (e.g., ribosome binding sites); sequences that enhance protein stability; and when desired, sequences that enhance protein secretion. The nature of such control sequences differs depending upon the host organism; in prokaryotes, such control sequences generally include promoter, ribosomal binding site, and transcription termination sequence. The term “control sequences” is intended to include, at a minimum, all components whose presence is essential for expression, and can also include additional components whose presence is advantageous, for example, leader sequences and fusion partner sequences.

The term “transfect”, transfection”, “transfecting” and the like refer to the introduction of a heterologous nucleic acid into eukaryote cells, both higher and lower eukaryote cells. Historically, the term “transformation” has been used to describe the introduction of a nucleic acid into a yeast or fungal cell; however, herein the term “transfection” is used to refer to the introduction of a nucleic acid into any eukaryote cell, including yeast and fungal cells.

The term “eukaryotic” refers to a nucleated cell or organism, and includes insect cells, plant cells, mammalian cells, animal cells and lower eukaryotic cells.

The term “lower eukaryotic cells” includes yeast and filamentous fungi. Yeast and filamentous fungi include, but are not limited to Pichia pastoris, Pichia finlandica, Pichia trehalophila, Pichia koclamae, Pichia membranaefaciens, Pichia minuta (Ogataea minuta, Pichia lindneri), Pichia opuntiae, Pichia thermotolerans, Pichia salictaria, Pichia guercuum, Pichia pijperi, Pichia stiptis, Pichia methanolica, Pichia sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces sp., Hansenula polymorpha, Kluyveromyces sp., Kluyveromyces lactis, Candida albicans, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Trichoderma reesei, Chrysosporium lucknowense, Fusarium sp., Fusarium gramineum, Fusarium venenatum, Physcomitrella patens and Neurospora crassa. Pichia sp., any Saccharomyces sp., Hansenula polymorpha, any Kluyveromyces sp., Candida albicans, any Aspergillus sp., Trichoderma reesei, Chrysosporium lucknowense, any Fusarium sp. and Neurospora crassa.

As used herein, the terms “antibody,” “immunoglobulin,” “immunoglobulins” and “immunoglobulin molecule” are used interchangeably. Each immunoglobulin molecule has a unique structure that allows it to bind its specific antigen, but all immunoglobulins have the same overall structure as described herein. The basic immunoglobulin structural unit is known to comprise a tetramer of subunits. Each tetramer has two identical pairs of polypeptide chains, each pair having one “light” chain (about 25 kDa) and one “heavy” chain (about 50-70 kDa). The amino-terminal portion of each chain includes a variable region of about 100 to 110 or more amino acids primarily responsible for antigen recognition. The carboxy-terminal portion of each chain defines a constant region primarily responsible for effector function. Light chains are classified as either kappa or lambda. Heavy chains are classified as gamma, mu, alpha, delta, or epsilon, and define the antibody's isotype as IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE, respectively.

The light and heavy chains are subdivided into variable regions and constant regions (See generally, Fundamental Immunology (Paul, W., ed., 2nd ed. Raven Press, N.Y., 1989), Ch. 7. The variable regions of each light/heavy chain pair form the antibody binding site. Thus, an intact antibody has two binding sites. Except in bifunctional or bispecific antibodies, the two binding sites are the same. The chains all exhibit the same general structure of relatively conserved framework regions (FR) joined by three hypervariable regions, also called complementarity determining regions or CDRs. The CDRs from the two chains of each pair are aligned by the framework regions, enabling binding to a specific epitope. The terms include naturally occurring forms, as well as fragments and derivatives. Included within the scope of the term are classes of immunoglobulins (Igs), namely, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgM, and IgD. Also included within the scope of the terms are the subtypes of IgGs, namely, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4. The term is used in the broadest sense and includes single monoclonal antibodies (including agonist and antagonist antibodies) as well as antibody compositions which will bind to multiple epitopes or antigens. The terms specifically cover monoclonal antibodies (including full length monoclonal antibodies), polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (for example, bispecific antibodies), and antibody fragments so long as they contain or are modified to contain at least the portion of the CH2 domain of the heavy chain immunoglobulin constant region which comprises an N-linked glycosylation site of the CH2 domain, or a variant thereof. Included within the terms are molecules comprising only the Fc region, such as immunoadhesions (U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2004/0136986; the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference), Fc fusions, and antibody-like molecules.

The term “Fc fragment” refers to the ‘fragment crystallized’ C-terminal region of the antibody containing the CH2 and CH3 domains. The term “Fab fragment” refers to the ‘fragment antigen binding’ region of the antibody containing the VH, CH1, VL and CL domains.

The term “monoclonal antibody” (mAb) as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directed against a single antigenic site. Furthermore, in contrast to conventional (polyclonal) antibody preparations which typically include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes), each mAb is directed against a single determinant on the antigen. In addition to their specificity, monoclonal antibodies are advantageous in that they can be produced, for example, by hybridoma culture, uncontaminated by other immunoglobulins. The term “monoclonal” indicates the character of the antibody as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method. For example, the monoclonal antibodies to be used in accordance with the present invention may be made by the hybridoma method first described by Kohler et al., (1975) Nature, 256:495, or may be made by recombinant DNA methods (See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference).

The term “fragments” within the scope of the terms “antibody” or “immunoglobulin” include those produced by digestion with various proteases, those produced by chemical cleavage and/or chemical dissociation and those produced recombinantly, so long as the fragment remains capable of specific binding to a target molecule. Among such fragments are Fc, Fab, Fab′, Fv, F(ab′)2, and single chain Fv (scFv) fragments. Hereinafter, the term “immunoglobulin” also includes the term “fragments” as well.

Immunoglobulins further include immunoglobulins or fragments that have been modified in sequence but remain capable of specific binding to a target molecule, including: interspecies chimeric and humanized antibodies; antibody fusions; heteromeric antibody complexes and antibody fusions, such as diabodies (bispecific antibodies), single-chain diabodies, and intrabodies (See, for example, Intracellular Antibodies: Research and Disease Applications, (Marasco, ed., Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 1998).

The term “catalytic antibody” refers to immunoglobulin molecules that are capable of catalyzing a biochemical reaction. Catalytic antibodies are well known in the art and have been described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,205,136; 4,888,281; 5,037,750 to Schochetman et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,733,757; 5,985,626; and 6,368,839 to Barbas, III et al. (the disclosures of which are all incorporated herein by reference).

The interaction of antibodies and antibody-antigen complexes with cells of the immune system and the variety of responses, including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), clearance of immunocomplexes (phagocytosis), antibody production by B cells and IgG serum half-life are defined respectively in the following: Daeron et al., Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15: 203-234 (1997); Ward and Ghetie, Therapeutic Immunol. 2:77-94 (1995); Cox and Greenberg, Semin. Immunol. 13: 339-345 (2001); Heyman, Immunol. Lett. 88:157-161 (2003); and Ravetch, Curr. Opin. Immunol. 9: 121-125 (1997).

As used herein, the term “consisting essentially of” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers; while excluding modifications or other integers which would materially affect or alter the stated integer. With respect to species of N-glycans, the term “consisting essentially of” a stated N-glycan will be understood to include the N-glycan whether or not that N-glycan is fucosylated at the N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) which is directly linked to the asparagine residue of the glycoprotein.

As used herein, the term “predominantly” or variations such as “the predominant” or “which is predominant” will be understood to mean the glycan species that has the highest mole percent (%) of total neutral N-glycans after the glycoprotein has been treated with PNGase and released glycans analyzed by mass spectroscopy, for example, MALDI-TOF MS or HPLC. In other words, the phrase “predominantly” is defined as an individual entity, such as a specific glycoform, is present in greater mole percent than any other individual entity. For example, if a composition consists of species A at 40 mole percent, species B at 35 mole percent and species C at 25 mole percent, the composition comprises predominantly species A, and species B would be the next most predominant species. Some host cells may produce compositions comprising neutral N-glycans and charged N-glycans such as mannosylphosphate. Therefore, a composition of glycoproteins can include a plurality of charged and uncharged or neutral N-glycans. In the present invention, it is within the context of the total plurality of neutral N-glycans in the composition in which the predominant N-glycan determined. Thus, as used herein, “predominant N-glycan” means that of the total plurality of neutral N-glycans in the composition, the predominant N-glycan is of a particular structure.

As used herein, the term “essentially free of” a particular sugar residue, such as fucose, or galactose and the like, is used to indicate that the glycoprotein composition is substantially devoid of N-glycans which contain such residues. Expressed in terms of purity, essentially free means that the amount of N-glycan structures containing such sugar residues does not exceed 10%, and preferably is below 5%, more preferably below 1%, most preferably below 0.5%, wherein the percentages are by weight or by mole percent. Thus, substantially all of the N-glycan structures in a glycoprotein composition according to the present invention are free of, for example, fucose, or galactose, or both.

As used herein, a glycoprotein composition “lacks” or “is lacking” a particular sugar residue, such as fucose or galactose, when no detectable amount of such sugar residue is present on the N-glycan structures at any time. For example, in preferred embodiments of the present invention, the glycoprotein compositions are produced by lower eukaryotic organisms, as defined above, including yeast (for example, Pichia sp.; Saccharomyces sp.; Kluyveromyces sp.; Aspergillus sp.), and will “lack fucose,” because the cells of these organisms do not have the enzymes needed to produce fucosylated N-glycan structures. Thus, the term “essentially free of fucose” encompasses the term “lacking fucose.” However, a composition may be “essentially free of fucose” even if the composition at one time contained fucosylated N-glycan structures or contains limited, but detectable amounts of fucosylated N-glycan structures as described above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A-H shows the genealogy of P. pastoris strain YGLY13992 (FIG. 1F) and strain YGLY14401 (FIG. 1G) beginning from wild-type strain NRRL-Y11430 (FIG. 1A).

FIG. 2 shows a map of plasmid pGLY6301 encoding the LmSTT3D ORF under the control of the Pichia pastoris alcohol oxidase I (AOX1) promoter and S. cerevisiae CYC transcription termination sequence. The plasmid is a roll-in vector that targets the URA6 locus. The selection of transformants uses arsenic resistance encoded by the S. cerevisiae ARR3 ORF under the control of the P. pastoris RPL10 promoter and S. cerevisiae CYC transcription termination sequence.

FIG. 3 shows a map of plasmid pGLY6294 encoding the LmSTT3D ORF under the control of the P. pastoris GAPDH promoter and S. cerevisiae CYC transcription termination sequence. The plasmid is a KINKO vector that targets the TRP1 locus: the 3′ end of the TRP1 ORF is adjacent to the P. pastoris ALG3 transcription termination sequence. The selection of transformants uses nourseothricin resistance encoded by the Streptomyces noursei nourseothricin acetyltransferase (NAT) ORF under the control of the Ashbya gossypii TEF1 promoter (PTEF) and Ashbya gossypii TEF1 termination sequence (TTEF).

FIG. 4 shows a map of plasmid pGLY6. Plasmid pGLY6 is an integration vector that targets the URA5 locus and contains a nucleic acid molecule comprising the S. cerevisiae invertase gene or transcription unit (ScSUC2) flanked on one side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 5′ region of the P. pastoris URA5 gene (PpURA5-5′) and on the other side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising the a nucleotide sequence from the 3′ region of the P. pastoris URA5 gene (PpURAS-3′).

FIG. 5 shows a map of plasmid pGLY40. Plasmid pGLY40 is an integration vector that targets the OCH1 locus and contains a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris URA5 gene or transcription unit (PpURA5) flanked by nucleic acid molecules comprising lacZ repeats (lacZ repeat) which in turn is flanked on one side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 5′ region of the OCH1 gene (PpOCH1-5′) and on the other side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 3′ region of the OCH1 gene (PpOCH1-3′).

FIG. 6 shows a map of plasmid pGLY43a. Plasmid pGLY43a is an integration vector that targets the BMT2 locus and contains a nucleic acid molecule comprising the K. lactis UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) transporter gene or transcription unit (KlGlcNAc Transp.) adjacent to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris URA5 gene or transcription unit (PpURA5) flanked by nucleic acid molecules comprising lacZ repeats (lacZ repeat). The adjacent genes are flanked on one side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 5′ region of the BMT2 gene (PpPBS2-5′) and on the other side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 3′ region of the BMT2 gene (PpPBS2-3′).

FIG. 7 shows a map of plasmid pGLY48. Plasmid pGLY48 is an integration vector that targets the MNN4L1 locus and contains an expression cassette comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding the mouse homologue of the UDP-GlcNAc transporter (MmGlcNAc Transp.) open reading frame (ORF) operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris GAPDH promoter (PpGAPDH Prom) and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the S. cerevisiae CYC termination sequence (ScCYC TT) adjacent to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris URA5 gene or transcription unit (PpURA5) flanked by lacZ repeats (lacZ repeat) and in which the expression cassettes together are flanked on one side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 5′ region of the P. pastoris MNN4L1 gene (PpMNN4L1-5′) and on the other side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 3′ region of the MNN4L1 gene (PpMNN4L1-3′).

FIG. 8 shows as map of plasmid pGLY45. Plasmid pGLY45 is an integration vector that targets the PNO1/MNN4 loci contains a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris URA5 gene or transcription unit (PpURA5) flanked by nucleic acid molecules comprising lacZ repeats (lacZ repeat) which in turn is flanked on one side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 5′ region of the PNO1 gene (PpPNO1-5′) and on the other side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 3′ region of the MNN4 gene (PpMNN4-3′).

FIG. 9 shows a map of plasmid pGLY1430. Plasmid pGLY1430 is a KINKO integration vector that targets the ADE1 locus without disrupting expression of the locus and contains in tandem four expression cassettes encoding (1) the human GlcNAc transferase I catalytic domain (codon optimized) fused at the N-terminus to P. pastoris SEC12 leader peptide (CO-NA10), (2) mouse homologue of the UDP-GlcNAc transporter (MmTr), (3) the mouse mannosidase IA catalytic domain (FB) fused at the N-terminus to S. cerevisiae SEC12 leader peptide (FB8), and (4) the P. pastoris URA5 gene or transcription unit (PpURA5) flanked by lacZ repeats (lacZ). All flanked by the 5′ region of the ADE1 gene and ORF (ADE1 5′ and ORF) and the 3′ region of the ADE1 gene (PpADE1-3′). PpPMA1 prom is the P. pastoris PMA1 promoter; PpPMA1 TT is the P. pastoris PMA1 termination sequence; SEC4 is the P. pastoris SEC4 promoter; OCH1 TT is the P. pastoris OCH1 termination sequence; ScCYC TT is the S. cerevisiae CYC termination sequence; PpOCH1 Prom is the P. pastoris OCH1 promoter; PpALG3 TT is the P. pastoris ALG3 termination sequence; and PpGAPDH is the P. pastoris GADPH promoter.

FIG. 10 shows a map of plasmid pGLY582. Plasmid pGLY582 is an integration vector that targets the HIS1 locus and contains in tandem four expression cassettes encoding (1) the S. cerevisiae UDP-glucose epimerase (ScGAL10), (2) the human galactosyltransferase I (hGalT) catalytic domain fused at the N-terminus to the S. cerevisiae KRE2-s leader peptide (33), (3) the P. pastoris URA5 gene or transcription unit (PpURA5) flanked by lacZ repeats (lacZ repeat), and (4) the D. melanogaster UDP-galactose transporter (DmUGT). All flanked by the 5′ region of the HIS1 gene (PpHIS1-5′) and the 3′ region of the HIS1 gene (PpHIS1-3′). PMA1 is the P. pastoris PMA1 promoter; PpPMA1 TT is the P. pastoris PMA1 termination sequence; GAPDH is the P. pastoris GADPH promoter and ScCYC TT is the S. cerevisiae CYC termination sequence; PpOCH1 Prom is the P. pastoris OCH1 promoter and PpALG12 TT is the P. pastoris ALG12 termination sequence.

FIG. 11 shows a map of plasmid pGLY167b. Plasmid pGLY167b is an integration vector that targets the ARG1 locus and contains in tandem three expression cassettes encoding (1) the D. melanogaster mannosidase II catalytic domain (codon optimized) fused at the N-terminus to S. cerevisiae MNN2 leader peptide (CO-KD53), (2) the P. pastoris HIS1 gene or transcription unit, and (3) the rat N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase II catalytic domain (codon optimized) fused at the N-terminus to S. cerevisiae MNN2 leader peptide (CO-TC54). All flanked by the 5′ region of the ARG1 gene (PpARG1-5′) and the 3′ region of the ARG1 gene (PpARG1-3′). PpPMA1 prom is the P. pastoris PMA1 promoter; PpPMA1 TT is the P. pastoris PMA1 termination sequence; PpGAPDH is the P. pastoris GADPH promoter; ScCYC TT is the S. cerevisiae CYC termination sequence; PpOCH1 Prom is the P. pastoris OCH1 promoter; and PpALG12 TT is the P. pastoris ALG12 termination sequence.

FIG. 12 shows a map of plasmid pGLY3411 (pSH1092). Plasmid pGLY3411 (pSH1092) is an integration vector that contains the expression cassette comprising the P. pastoris URA5 gene or transcription unit (PpURA5) flanked by lacZ repeats (lacZ repeat) flanked on one side with the 5′ nucleotide sequence of the P. pastoris BMT4 gene (PpPBS4 5′) and on the other side with the 3′ nucleotide sequence of the P. pastoris BMT4 gene (PpPBS4 3′).

FIG. 13 shows a map of plasmid pGLY3419 (pSH1110). Plasmid pGLY3430 (pSH1115) is an integration vector that contains an expression cassette comprising the P. pastoris URA5 gene or transcription unit (PpURA5) flanked by lacZ repeats (lacZ repeat) flanked on one side with the 5′ nucleotide sequence of the P. pastoris BMT1 gene (PBS1 5′) and on the other side with the 3′ nucleotide sequence of the P. pastoris BMT1 gene (PBS1 3′)

FIG. 14 shows a map of plasmid pGLY3421 (pSH1106). Plasmid pGLY4472 (pSH1186) contains an expression cassette comprising the P. pastoris URA5 gene or transcription unit (PpURA5) flanked by lacZ repeats (lacZ repeat) flanked on one side with the 5′ nucleotide sequence of the P. pastoris BMT3 gene (PpPBS3 5′) and on the other side with the 3′ nucleotide sequence of the P. pastoris BMT3 gene (PpPBS3 3′).

FIG. 15 shows a map of plasmid pGLY3673. Plasmid pGLY3673 is a KINKO integration vector that targets the PRO1 locus without disrupting expression of the locus and contains expression cassettes encoding the T. reesei α-1,2-mannosidase catalytic domain fused at the N-terminus to S. cerevisiae αMATpre signal peptide (aMATTrMan) to target the chimeric protein to the secretory pathway and secretion from the cell.

FIG. 16 shows a map of pGLY6833 encoding the light and heavy chains of an anti-Her2 antibody. The plasmid is a roll-in vector that targets the TRP2 locus. The ORFs encoding the light and heavy chains are under the control of a P. pastoris AOX1 promoter and the P. pastoris CIT1 3UTR transcription termination sequence. Selection of transformants uses zeocin resistance encoded by the zeocin resistance protein (Zeocin^(R)) ORF under the control of the P. pastoris TEF1 promoter and S. cerevisiae CYC termination sequence.

FIG. 17 shows a map of pGLY6564 encoding the light and heavy chains of an anti-RSV antibody. The plasmid is a roll-in vector that targets the TRP2 locus. The ORF encoding the heavy chain is under the control of a P. pastoris AOX1 promoter and the S. cerevisiae CYC transcription termination sequence. The ORF encoding the light chain is under the control of a P. pastoris AOX1 promoter and the P. pastoris AOX1 transcription termination sequence. Selection of transformants uses zeocin resistance encoded by the zeocin resistance protein (Zeocin^(R)) ORF under the control of the P. pastoris TEF1 promoter and S. cerevisiae CYC termination sequence.

FIG. 18 shows the percent N-glycosylation site occupancy of anti-Her2 and anti-RSV antibodies produced in control strains verses strains in which the LmSTT3D is constitutively expressed (GAPDH promoter) or inducibly expressed (AOX1 promoter).

FIG. 19 A-C shows a comparison of N-glycosylation site occupancy of the anti-Her2 antibody produced in strain YGLY13992 (FIG. 19B) and strain YGLY17351 (FIG. 19C) compared to N-glycosylation site occupancy of a commercially available anti-Her2 antibody produced in CHO cells (HERCEPTIN) (FIG. 19A). Strain YGLY13992 does not include an expression cassette encoding the LmSTT3D whereas strain YGLY17351 includes an expression cassette encoding the LmSTT3 under the control of the inducible PpAOX1 promoter.

FIG. 20 shows the shows the percent N-glycosylation site occupancy of anti-Her2 antibodies produced in strain YGLY17351 grown in various bioreactors was consistent regardless of bioreactor scale.

FIG. 21A-B shows the results of a CE (FIG. 20B) and Q-TOF (FIG. 20A) analysis of a commercial lot of anti-Her2 antibody (HERCEPTIN).

FIG. 22 A-B shows the results of a CE (FIG. 20B) and Q-TOF (FIG. 20A) analysis for the same commercial lot as used for FIG. 21 but after treatment with PNGase F for a period of time.

FIG. 23 A-E shows the genealogy of P. pastoris strain YGLY12900 beginning from YGLY7961.

FIG. 24 shows a map of plasmid pGLY2456. Plasmid pGLY2456 is a KINKO integration vector that targets the TRP2 locus without disrupting expression of the locus and contains six expression cassettes encoding (1) the mouse CMP-sialic acid transporter codon optimized (CO mCMP-Sia Transp), (2) the human UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase codon optimized (CO hGNE), (3) the Pichia pastoris ARG1 gene or transcription unit, (4) the human CMP-sialic acid synthase codon optimized (CO hCMP-NANA S), (5) the human N-acetylneuraminate-9-phosphate synthase codon optimized (CO hSIAP S), and, (6) the mouse a-2,6-sialyltransferase catalytic domain codon optimized fused at the N-terminus to S. cerevisiae KRE2 leader peptide (comST6-33). All flanked by the 5′ region of the TRP2 gene and ORF (PpTRP2 5′) and the 3′ region of the TRP2 gene (PpTRP2-3′). PpPMA1 prom is the P. pastoris PMA1 promoter; PpPMA1 TT is the P. pastoris PMA1 termination sequence; CYC TT is the S. cerevisiae CYC termination sequence; PpTEF Prom is the P. pastoris TEF1 promoter; PpTEF TT is the P. pastoris TEF1 termination sequence; PpALG3 TT is the P. pastoris ALG3 termination sequence; and pGAP is the P. pastoris GAPDH promoter.

FIG. 25 shows a map of plasmid pGLY5048. Plasmid pGLY5048 is an integration vector that targets the STE13 locus and contains expression cassettes encoding (1) the T. reesei α-1,2-mannosidase catalytic domain fused at the N-terminus to S. cerevisiae αMATpre signal peptide (aMATTrMan) to target the chimeric protein to the secretory pathway and secretion from the cell and (2) the P. pastoris URA5 gene or transcription unit.

FIG. 26 shows a map of plasmid pGLY5019. Plasmid pGLY5019 is an integration vector that targets the DAP2 locus and contains an expression cassette comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding the Nourseothricin resistance (NAT^(R)) ORF operably linked to the Ashbya gossypii TEF1 promoter and A. gossypii TEF1 termination sequences flanked one side with the 5′ nucleotide sequence of the P. pastoris DAP2 gene and on the other side with the 3′ nucleotide sequence of the P. pastoris DAP2 gene.

FIG. 27 shows a plasmid map of pGLY5085. Plasmid pGLY5085 is a KINKO plasmid for introducing a second set of the genes involved in producing sialylated N-glycans into P. pastoris. The plasmid is similar to plasmid YGLY2456 except that the P. pastoris ARG1 gene has been replaced with an expression cassette encoding hygromycin resistance (HygR) and the plasmid targets the P. pastoris TRP5 locus. The six tandem cassettes are flanked on one side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 5′ region and ORF of the TRP5 gene ending at the stop codon followed by a P. pastoris ALG3 termination sequence and on the other side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 3′ region of the TRP5 gene.

FIG. 28 shows a plasmid map of pGLY7240. The plasmid is an integration vector that targets the TRP2 locus and contains an ORF encoding the zeocin resistance protein (Zeocin^(R)) under the control of the P. pastoris TEF1 promoter and S. cerevisiae CYC termination sequence. The plasmid encodes the GM-CSF/CWP1 fusion protein operably linked at the 5′ end to the Pichia pastoris AOX1 promoter and at the 3′ end to the S. cerevisiae CYC transcription termination sequence.

FIG. 29 shows a Western blot of GM-CSF produced in strain YGLY16349, which co-expresses LmSTT3D, that the majority of GM-CSF (Lanes 2-8) is glycosylated with 2N-linked sites in contrast to the control strain (YGLY15560, lane 9) where GM-CSF is predominantly N-glycosylated with 1 site along with the minor portions of 2 N sites and non-glycosylated.

FIG. 30 shows a Q-TOP analysis of GM-CSF expressed from YGLY15560 (A) and YGLY16349 (B), respectively. Non-glycosylated GM-CSF was not detected.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic glycoprotein in a host cell in which the N-glycosylation site occupancy of the glycoprotein is increased over the N-glycosylation site occupancy of the same glycoprotein produced in a host cell not modified as disclosed herein. When the present invention is practiced in a lower eukaryote host cell, e.g., yeast host cells or filamentous fungal host cells, the N-glycosylation site occupancy of recombinant glycoproteins produced in the host cell is the same as or more similar to the N-glycosylation site occupancy of the same recombinant glycoproteins produced in mammalian or human host cells.

To increase the N-glycosylation site occupancy on a glycoprotein produced in a recombinant host cell, at least one nucleic acid molecule encoding at least one heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase, which in particular embodiments at least one is capable of functionally suppressing a lethal mutation of one or more essential subunits comprising the endogenous host cell hetero-oligomeric oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex, is overexpressed in the recombinant host cell either before or simultaneously with the expression of the glycoprotein in the host cell.

The Leishmania major STT3A protein, Leishmania major STT3B protein, and Leishmania major STT3D protein, are single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferases that have been shown to suppress the lethal phenotype of a deletion of the STT3 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Naseb et al., Molec. Biol. Cell 19: 3758-3768 (2008)). Naseb et al. (ibid.) further showed that the Leishmania major STT3D protein could suppress the lethal phenotype of a deletion of the WBP1, OST1, SWP1, or OST2 loci. Hese et al. (Glycobiology 19: 160-171 (2009)) teaches that the Leishmania major STT3A (STT3-1), STT3B (STT3-2), and STT3D (STT3-4) proteins can functionally complement deletions of the OST2, SWP1, and WBP1 loci. The Leishmania major STT3D (LmSTT3D) protein is a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferases that is capable of suppressing a lethal phenotype of a Δstt3 mutation and at least one lethal phenotype of a Δwbp1, Δost1, Δswp1, and Δost2 mutation that is shown in the examples herein to be capable of enhancing the N-glycosylation site occupancy of heterologous glycoproteins, for example antibodies, produced by the host cell.

The one or more heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferases is/are overexpressed constitutively or inducibly in the presence of the proteins comprising the host cell's endogenous OTase complex, including the host cell's STT3 protein. An expression cassette encoding each heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase gene can either be integrated into any site within the host cell genome or located in the extrachromosomal space of the host cell, i.e., autonomously replicating genetic elements such as plasmids, viruses, 2 nm plasmid, minichromosomes, and the like. In general, the heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferases are provided to the host cell in expression cassettes, each comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase open reading frame (ORF) operably linked to a heterologous constitutive or inducible promoter and other heterologous transcriptional or translational regulatory elements suitable for expressing heterologous proteins in a particular host cell. One or more copies of each expression cassette is/are integrated into one or more locations in the host cell's genome either by site-specific targeting of a particular locus for integration or randomly integrating the expression cassette into the genome. The locus for targeted integration can be selected based upon the suitability of the locus for ectopic constitutive or inducible expression of the single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase in the expression cassette. Methods for integrating heterologous nucleic acid molecules into a host cell genome by techniques such as single- and double-crossover homologous recombination and the like are well known in the art (See for example, U.S. Published Application No. 20090124000 and International Published Application No. WO2009085135, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference). Alternatively, or in addition to integrating one or more copies of the expression cassette into the host cell genome, one or more copies of the expression cassette are located in the extrachromosomal space of the host cell using a 2μ plasmid, viral vector, mini-chromosome, or other genetic vector that replicates autonomously.

While the present invention has been exemplified herein with Pichia pastoris host cells genetically engineered to produce mammalian or human-like glycosylation patterns comprising complex N-glycans, the present invention to increase the overall amount of N-glycosylation site occupancy of the glycoproteins produced in the host cell compared to that of glycoproteins produced in the host not modified as disclosed herein to express the single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase gene can also be applied to Pichia pastoris host cells that are not genetically engineered to produce glycoproteins that have mammalian or human glycosylation patterns but instead express glycoproteins that have endogenous or wild-type glycosylation patterns, for example hypermannosylated N-glycosylation or when the host cell lacks alpha-1,6-mannosylatransferase (och1p) activity, high mannose N-glycosylation. The present invention can also be applied to other yeast or filamentous fungi or to plant or algal host cells, which express glycoproteins that have endogenous or wild-type glycosylation patterns, for example hypermannosylated N-glycosylation or when the host cell lacks alpha-1,6-mannosylatransferase (och1p) activity, high mannose N-glycosylation, or which have been genetically engineered to produce mammalian or human-like complex or hybrid N-glycans to increase the overall amount of N-glycosylation site occupancy of the glycoproteins produced in the host cell compared to that of glycoproteins produced in the host not modified as disclosed herein to express the single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase gene. The present invention can also be applied to mammalian expression systems to increase the overall N-glycosylation site occupancy of glycoproteins that have more than two N-linked sites compared to that of glycoproteins produced in the host cell not modified as disclosed herein to express the single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase gene.

The OTase complex of animals, plants, and fungi is a hetero-oligomeric protein complex. In the well-studied model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the OTase complex currently appears to consist of at least eight different subunits: Ost1p, Ost2p, Wbp1, Stt3p, Swp1p, Ost4p, Ost5p, and Ost3p/Ost6p (Silberstein & Gilmore, FASEB J. 10: 849-858 (1996); Knauer & Lehle, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1426: 259-273 (1999); Dempski & Imperiali, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 6: 844-850 (2002); Yan & Lennarz, J. Biol. Chem. 277: 47692-47700 (2005); Kelleher & Gilmore, Glycobiol. 16:47R-62R (2006); Weerapana & Imperiali, Glycobiol. 16: 91R-101R (2006)). In Pichia pastoris, the OTase complex appears to include at least Ost1p, Ost2p, Ost3p, Ost4p, Ost6p, Wbp1, Swp1p, and Stt3p (See Shutter et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 27: 561-566 (2009)).

It has been hypothesized that the STT3 protein is the catalytic subunit in the OTase complex (Yan & Lennarz, J. Biol. Chem. 277: 47692-47700 (2002); Kelleher et al., Mol. Cell. 12: 101-111 (2003); Nilsson et al., J. Cell Biol. 161: 715-725 (2003)). Support for this hypothesis is from experiments showing that the prokaryotic homologue of yeast Stt3p is an active oligosaccharyltransferase in the absence of any other accessory proteins (Wacker et al., Science. 298: 1790-1793 (2002); Kowarik et al., Science 314: 1148-1150 (2006)). Proteins homologous to yeast Stt3p are encoded in almost all eukaryotic genomes (Kelleher & Gilmore, Glycobiol. 16:47R-62R (2006)). However, comparative genome analysis suggests that the composition of the OTase became increasing complex during the evolutionary divergence of eukaryotes.

Single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferases are present in Giardia and kinetoplastids, whereas four subunit oligosaccharyltransferases consisting of the STT3, OST1, OST2, and WBP1 homologues are found in diplomonads, entamoebas, and apicomplexan species. Additionally, multiple forms of the putative STT3 proteins can be encoded in trypanosomatid genomes: three STT3 homologues are found in Trypanosoma brucei and four in Leishmania major (McConville et al., Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 66: 122-154 (2002); Berriman et al., Science. 309: 416-422 (2005); Ivens et al., Science. 309: 436-442 (2005); Samuelson et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 1548-1553 (2005); Kelleher & Gilmore, Glycobiol. 16:47R-62R (2006)).

In trypanosomatid parasites, N-linked glycosylation principally follows the pathway described for fungal or animal cells, but with different oligosaccharide structures transferred to protein (Parodi, Glycobiology 3: 193-199 (1993); McConville et al., Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 66: 122-154 (2002)). It has been shown that, depending on the species, either Man₆GlcNAc₂ or Man₇GlcNAc₂ is the largest glycan transferred to protein in the genus Leishmania (Parodi, Glycobiology 3: 193-199 (1993). Unlike the yeast and mammalian oligosaccharyltransferase that preferably use Glc₃Man₉GlcNAc₂, the trypanosome oligosaccharyltransferase is not selective and transfers different lipid-linked oligosaccharides at the same rate (Bosch et al., J. Biol. Chem. 263:17360-17365 (1988)). Therefore, the simplest eukaryotic oligosaccharyltransferase is a single subunit STT3 protein, similar to the oligosaccharyltransferase found in bacterial N-glycosylation systems. Nasab et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell 19: 3758-3768 (2008) expressed each of the four Leishmania major STT3 proteins individually in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and found that three of them, LmSTT3A protein, LmSTT3B protein, and LmSTT3D protein, were able to complement a deletion of the yeast STT3 locus. In addition, LmSTT3D expression suppressed the lethal phenotype of single and double deletions in genes encoding various essential OTase subunits. The LmSTT3 proteins did not incorporate into the yeast OTase complex but instead formed a homodimeric enzyme, capable of replacing the endogenous, multimeric enzyme of the yeast cell. The results indicate that while these single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferases may resemble the prokaryotic enzymes, they use substrates typical for eukaryote glycosylation: that is, the N-X-S/T N-glycosylation recognition site and dolicholpyrophosphate-linked high mannose oligosaccharides.

N-glycosylation site occupancy in yeast has also been discussed in reports by, for example, Schultz and Aebi, Molec. Cell. Proteomics 8: 357-364 (2009); Hese et al., op. cit.) and Nasab et al., (op. cit.). Expression of the Toxoplasma gondii or Trypanosoma cruzi STT3 protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been shown to complement the lethal phenotype of an stt3 deletion (Shams-Eldin et al., Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 143: 6-11 (2005); Castro et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 14756-14760 (2006) and while the Trypanosoma cruzi STT3 protein integrates into the yeast OTase complex the Leishmania major STT3 proteins appear to form homodimers instead (Nasab et al., op. cit.). However, in these reports, the LmSTT3D protein had been tested for its functional suppression of a lethal mutation of the endogenous yeast STT3 locus and other essential components of the yeast OTase complex in studies that measured N-glycosylation site occupancy of endogenous proteins. In addition, the yeast strains that were used in the studies produced glycoproteins that had a yeast glycosylation pattern, not a mammalian or human-like glycosylation pattern comprising hybrid or complex N-glycans.

In contrast to the above reports, in the present invention the open reading frame encoding a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase (as exemplified herein with the open reading frame encoding the LmSTT3D) protein is overexpressed constitutively or inducibly in the recombinant host cell in which the host cell further expresses the endogenous genes encoding the proteins comprising the host cell oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex, which includes the expression of the endogenous host cell STT3 gene. Thus, the host cell expresses both the heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase and the endogenous host cell OTase complex, including the endogenous host cell SST3 protein. Furthermore, with respect to recombinant yeast, filamentous fungus, algal, or plant host cells, the host cells can further be genetically engineered to produce glycoproteins that comprise a mammalian or human-like glycosylation pattern comprising complex and/or hybrid N-glycans and not glycoproteins that have the host cells' endogenous glycosylation pattern.

The present invention has been exemplified herein using Pichia pastoris host cells genetically engineered to produce mammalian- or human-like complex N-glycans; however, the present invention can be applied to other yeast ost cells (including but not limited to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Ogataea minuta, and Pichia pastoris) or filamentous fungi (including but not limited to Tricoderma reesei) that produce glycoproteins that have yeast or fungal N-glycans (either hypermannosylated N-glycans or high mannose N-glycans) or genetically engineered to produce glycoproteins that have mammalian- or human-like high mannose, complex, or hybrid N-glycans to improve the overall N-glycosylation site occupancy of glycoproteins produced in the host cell. Furthermore, the present invention can also be applied to plant and mammalian expression system to improve the overall N-glycosylation site occupancy of glycoproteins produced in these plant or mammalian expression systems, particularly glycoproteins that have more than two N-linked glycosylation sites.

Therefore, in one aspect of the above, provided is a method for producing a heterologous glycoprotein in a host cell, comprising providing a host cell that includes a nucleic acid molecule encoding at least one heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase and a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heterologous glycoprotein and wherein the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the endogenous oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex are expressed; and culturing the host cell under conditions for expressing the heterologous glycoprotein to produce the heterologous glycoprotein.

In a further aspect of the above, provided is a method for producing a heterologous glycoprotein with mammalian- or human-like complex or hybrid N-glycans in a host cell, comprising providing a host cell that is genetically engineered to produce glycoproteins that have human-like N-glycans and includes a nucleic acid molecule encoding at least one heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase and a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heterologous glycoprotein and wherein the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the endogenous oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex are expressed; and culturing the host cell under conditions for expressing the heterologous glycoprotein to produce the heterologous glycoprotein.

Expression of the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex includes expression of the endogenous host cell gene encoding the endogenous STT3 protein or homologue. In the case of yeast host cells, the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the OTase complex are expressed, which includes the expression of the endogenous STT3 gene. Currently, the genes encoding proteins comprising the Saccharomyces cerevisiae OTase complex are known to include OST1, OST2, OST3, OST4, OST5, OST6, WBP1, SWP1, and STT3 (See for example, Spirig et al., Molec. Gen. Genet. 256: 628-637 (1997) and in Pichia pastoris, the OTase complex appears to include at least Ost1p, Ost2p, Ost3p, Ost4p, Ost6p, Wbp1, Swp1p, and Stt3p (See Shutter et al., op. cit.).

In general, the heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase is capable of functionally suppressing the lethal phenotype of a mutation of at least one essential protein of an OTase complex, for example, a yeast OTase complex. Thus, the heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase is capable of functionally complementing or rescuing a lethal mutation of at least one essential protein of an OTase complex. In further aspects, the essential protein of the OTase complex is encoded by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae and/or Pichia pastoris STT3 locus, WBP1 locus, OST1 locus, SWP1 locus, or OST2 locus, or homologue thereof. In general, heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferases that can be used in the methods herein for increasing N-glycosylation site occupancy is a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase that in particular embodiments is capable of functionally suppressing (or rescuing or complementing) the lethal phenotype of at least one essential protein of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae and/or Pichia pastoris OTase complex. For example, in further aspects, the heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase is the Leishmania major STT3D protein, which is capable of functionally suppressing (or rescuing or complementing) the lethal phenotype of at least one essential protein of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Pichia pastoris OTase complex. Therefore, for a particular host cell, a particular heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase is suitable for expression in the particular host cell provided the single-subunit heterologous oligosaccharyltransferase is capable of suppressing the lethal phenotype of at least one essential protein of the yeast OTase complex. In further aspect, a heterologous single-subunit heterologous oligosaccharyltransferase is selected for expression in a particular host cell provided the single-subunit heterologous oligosaccharyltransferase is capable of suppressing the lethal phenotype of at least one essential protein of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae and/or Pichia pastoris OTase complex. The essential proteins include OST1, OST2,WBP1,SWP1, and STT3.

As used herein, a lethal mutation includes a deletion or disruption of the gene encoding the essential protein of the OTase complex or a mutation in the coding sequence that renders the essential protein non-functional. The term can further include knock-down mutations wherein production of a functional essential protein is abrogated using shRNA or RNAi.

Further provided is a host cell, comprising a first nucleic acid molecule encoding at least one heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase; and a second nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous glycoprotein; and the host cell expresses its endogenous genes encoding the proteins comprising the endogenous oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex, which includes expressing the endogenous host cell gene encoding the host cell STT3 protein, which in yeast is the STT3 gene. In further aspects of a yeast host cell, the host cell expresses the endogenous genes encoding the proteins comprising the OTase complex.

In particular aspects of any of the above, the host cell further comprises one or more a nucleic acid molecules encoding additional heterologous oligosaccharyltransferases, which can include single-subunit or multimeric oligosaccharyltransferases. For example, the host cell can comprise one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding one or more single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferases selected from the group consisting of the LmSTT3A protein, LmSTT3B protein, and LmSTT3D protein. In further aspects, the host cell can further include a nucleic acid molecule encoding LmSTT3C protein. In further aspects of any one of the above, the host cell can include one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding one or more oligosaccharyltransferases selected from the group consisting of the Toxoplasma gondii STT3 protein, Trypanosoma cruzi STT3 protein, Trypanosoma brucei STT3 protein, and C. elegans STT3 protein. In further still aspects of any one of the above, the host cell can further include a nucleic acid molecule encoding the Pichia pastoris STT3 protein.

Lower eukaryotes such as yeast or filamentous fungi are often used for expression of recombinant glycoproteins because they can be economically cultured, give high yields, and when appropriately modified are capable of suitable glycosylation. Yeast in particular offers established genetics allowing for rapid transfections, tested protein localization strategies and facile gene knock-out techniques. Suitable vectors have expression control sequences, such as promoters, including 3-phosphoglycerate kinase or other glycolytic enzymes, and an origin of replication, termination sequences, and the like as desired.

Useful lower eukaryote host cells include but are not limited to Pichia pastoris, Pichia finlandica, Pichia trehalophila, Pichia koclamae, Pichia membranaefaciens, Pichia minuta (Ogataea minuta, Pichia lindneri), Pichia opuntiae, Pichia thermotolerans, Pichia salictaria, Pichia guercuum, Pichia pijperi, Pichia stiptis, Pichia methanolica, Pichia sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces sp., Hansenula polymorpha, Kluyveromyces sp., Kluyveromyces lactis, Candida albicans, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Trichoderma reesei, Chrysosporium lucknowense, Fusarium sp., Fusarium gramineum, Fusarium venenatum and Neurospora crassa. Various yeasts, such as K. lactis, Pichia pastoris, Pichia methanolica, and Hansenula polymorpha are particularly suitable for cell culture because they are able to grow to high cell densities and secrete large quantities of recombinant protein. Likewise, filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus niger, Fusarium sp, Neurospora crassa and others can be used to produce glycoproteins of the invention at an industrial scale. In the case of lower eukaryotes, cells are routinely grown from between about one and a half to three days.

Therefore, provided is a method for producing a heterologous glycoprotein in a lower eukaryote host cell, comprising providing a lower eukaryote host cell that includes a nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase and a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heterologous glycoprotein; and culturing the host cell under conditions for expressing the heterologous glycoprotein to produce the heterologous glycoprotein.

Further provided is a lower eukaryote host cell, comprising a first nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase; and a second nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous glycoprotein; and wherein the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex are expressed.

Further provided is a yeast or filamentous fungus host cell, comprising a first nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase; and a second nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous glycoprotein; and wherein the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex are expressed. This includes expression of the endogenous STT3 gene, which in yeast is the STT3 gene.

In particular aspects, the above yeast or filamentous fungus host cell can be a host cell that produces glycoproteins that have a yeast-like or filamentous fungus-like glycosylation pattern. The yeast glycosylation pattern can include hypermannosylated N-glycans or the yeast can be genetically engineered to lack α1,6-mannosyltransferase activity, that is, the yeast host is genetically engineered to lack och1p activity, in which case, the yeast produces glycoproteins that have high mannose N-glycans that are not further hypermannosylated.

In particular embodiments of the above methods and host cells, the heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase is capable of functionally suppressing the lethal phenotype of a mutation of at least one essential protein of the OTase complex. In further aspects, the essential protein of the OTase complex is encoded by the STT3 locus, WBP1 locus, OST1 locus, SWP1 locus, or OST2 locus, or homologue thereof. In further aspects, the for example single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase is the Leishmania major STT3D protein.

The methods and host cells herein provide a means for producing heterologous glycoproteins in a host cell wherein the N-glycosylation site occupancy of a composition of the heterologous glycoproteins is greater than the N-glycosylation site occupancy for the heterologous produced in the host cell not modified as described herein to express a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase and the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex. For a lower eukaryote host cell such as yeast, when the N-glycosylation site occupancy of a heterologous glycoprotein is lower than that obtained for the heterologous glycoprotein when produced in mammalian or human cells, the N-glycosylation site occupancy of the glycoprotein produced in the host cell can be made the same as or more similar to the N-glycosylation site occupancy of the glycoprotein in the mammalian or human cell by producing the glycoprotein in a host cell that express a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase and the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex. As shown in the examples, Pichia pastoris host cells that express a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase and the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex are capable of producing antibodies wherein the N-glycosylation site occupancy of the antibodies is similar to that of the antibodies produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (See also FIG. 19A-C).

A method for measuring N-glycosylation site occupancy is to separate and measure the amount of glycosylated protein and non-glycosylated protein and determine the N-glycosylation site occupancy using the formula

(Moles glycosylated protein)/(moles glycosylated protein+moles non-glycosylated protein)×100=percent N-glycosylation site occupancy

When measuring the N-glycosylation site occupancy of antibodies in an antibody composition, the antibodies in the composition are reduced and the moles of glycosylated and non-glycosylated heavy chains determined. Each heavy chain has one N-glycosylation site at Asn-297. The percent N-glycosylation site occupancy is determined based upon total moles of N-glycans released and the total moles of antibody heavy chains. For example, an N-glycosylation site occupancy of 94% would indicate that 94% of the heavy chains in the composition have an N-glycan at Asn-297 and 6% of the heavy chains would lack an N-glycan. Antibodies consist of two heavy chains and two light chains. In the above example, antibodies in the composition can have both heavy chains linked to an N-glycan, one of the two heavy chains with an N-glycan, or neither chain with an N-glycan. Therefore, a 94% N-glycosylation site occupancy of heavy chains would suggest that about 88% of the antibodies in the composition would have both heavy chains N-glycosylated and 11.4% of the antibodies would have only one of the two heavy chains N-glycosylated. To get a qualitative indication that the above is correct, whole antibodies are analyzed by a method such as Q-TOF (hybrid quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer with MS/MS capability).

A general method for measuring N-glycosylation site occupancy of antibodies can use the following method, which is exemplified in Example 3. The antibodies are reduced to heavy chains (HC) and light chains (LC) and the amount of glycosylated heavy chain (GHC) and non-glycosylated heavy chains (NGHC) are determined by a method such as capillary electrophoresis. The N-glycosylation site occupancy using the formula

Moles GHC)/(moles GHC+moles NGHC)×100=percent N-glycosylation site HC occupancy

For any N-glycosylation site, the site is either occupied or not. Therefore, N-glycan occupancy of 100% would be equivalent to a ratio of 1:1 (1 mole of N-glycan per 1 mole of N-glycosylation site, e.g., heavy chain from reduced antibody) or 2:1 (2 moles of N-glycan per 1 mole of protein with two N-glycosylation sites, e.g., non-reduced antibody). N-glycan occupancy of 80% would be equivalent to a ratio of 0.8:1 (0.8 mole of N-glycan per 1 mole of N-glycosylation site, e.g., heavy chain from reduced antibody) or 1.6:1 (1.6 moles of N-glycan per mole of protein with two N-glycosylation sites, e.g., non-reduced antibody).

An estimate of the proportion of whole antibodies in which both heavy chains are glycosylated can be approximated by the formula (fraction GHC)²×100=fully occupied antibodies (whole, non-reduced antibodies in which both N-glycosylation sites are occupied). Example 3 shows that the methods herein enable the production of antibody compositions wherein about 70% to about 98% of the non-reduced whole antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied. Since measurement of N-glycosylation site occupancy was determined using reduced antibody molecules, the results herein show that for compositions comprising glycoprotein molecules containing a single glycosylation site, more than 84% to at least 99% of the glycoprotein molecules were N-glycosylated. Therefore, the methods and host cells herein enable production of glycoprotein compositions in which at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% of the N-glycosylation sites of the glycoproteins in the composition are occupied.

Another method for measuring N-glycosylation site occupancy of glycoproteins in a glycoprotein composition can be accomplished by releasing the N-glycans from the glycoproteins in the composition and measuring the molar amount of the N-glycans released and the molar amount of glycoprotein times the number of glycosylation sites on the glycoprotein. The following formula can be used

(Total moles of N-glycans)/(Total moles of glycoprotein×No. of sites)×100=percent N-glycosylation site occupancy.

The above formula will give the percent of total N-glycosylation sites that are occupied.

Lower eukaryotes, particularly yeast, can be genetically modified so that they express glycoproteins in which the glycosylation pattern is mammalian or human-like or humanized. In this manner, glycoprotein compositions can be produced in which a specific desired glycoform is predominant in the composition. Such can be achieved by eliminating selected endogenous glycosylation enzymes and/or genetically engineering the host cells and/or supplying exogenous enzymes to mimic all or part of the mammalian glycosylation pathway as described in U.S. Published Application No. 2004/0018590, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. If desired, additional genetic engineering of the glycosylation can be performed, such that the glycoprotein can be produced with or without core fucosylation.

Lower eukaryotes such as yeast can be genetically modified so that they express glycoproteins in which the glycosylation pattern is mammalian-like or human-like or humanized. Such can be achieved by eliminating selected endogenous glycosylation enzymes and/or supplying exogenous enzymes as described by Gerngross et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,449,308, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Thus, in particular aspects of the invention, the host cell is yeast, for example, a methylotrophic yeast such as Pichia pastoris or Ogataea minuta and mutants thereof and genetically engineered variants thereof. In this manner, glycoprotein compositions can be produced in which a specific desired glycoform is predominant in the composition. Such can be achieved by eliminating selected endogenous glycosylation enzymes and/or genetically engineering the host cells and/or supplying exogenous enzymes to mimic all or part of the mammalian glycosylation pathway as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,449,308, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. If desired, additional genetic engineering of the glycosylation can be performed, such that the glycoprotein can be produced with or without core fucosylation. Use of lower eukaryotic host cells such as yeast are further advantageous in that these cells are able to produce relatively homogenous compositions of glycoprotein, such that the predominant glycoform of the glycoprotein may be present as greater than thirty mole percent of the glycoprotein in the composition. In particular aspects, the predominant glycoform may be present in greater than forty mole percent, fifty mole percent, sixty mole percent, seventy mole percent and, most preferably, greater than eighty mole percent of the glycoprotein present in the composition. Such can be achieved by eliminating selected endogenous glycosylation enzymes and/or supplying exogenous enzymes as described by Gerngross et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,029,872 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,449,308, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. For example, a host cell can be selected or engineered to be depleted in 1,6-mannosyl transferase activities, which would otherwise add mannose residues onto the N-glycan on a glycoprotein.

In one embodiment, the host cell further includes an α1,2-mannosidase catalytic domain fused to a cellular targeting signal peptide not normally associated with the catalytic domain and selected to target the α1,2-mannosidase activity to the ER or Golgi apparatus of the host cell. Passage of a recombinant glycoprotein through the ER or Golgi apparatus of the host cell produces a recombinant glycoprotein comprising a Man₅GlcNAc₂ glycoform, for example, a recombinant glycoprotein composition comprising predominantly a Man₅GlcNAc₂ glycoform. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,029,872, U.S. Pat. No. 7,449,308, and U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2005/0170452, the disclosures of which are all incorporated herein by reference, disclose lower eukaryote host cells capable of producing a glycoprotein comprising a Man₅GlcNAc₂ glycoform.

In a further embodiment, the immediately preceding host cell further includes an N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GlcNAc transferase I or GnT I) catalytic domain fused to a cellular targeting signal peptide not normally associated with the catalytic domain and selected to target GlcNAc transferase I activity to the ER or Golgi apparatus of the host cell. Passage of the recombinant glycoprotein through the ER or Golgi apparatus of the host cell produces a recombinant glycoprotein comprising a GlcNAcMan₅GlcNAc₂ glycoform, for example a recombinant glycoprotein composition comprising predominantly a GlcNAcMan₅GlcNAc₂ glycoform. U.S. Pat. No. 7,029,872, U.S. Pat. No. 7,449,308, and U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2005/0170452, the disclosures of which are all incorporated herein by reference, disclose lower eukaryote host cells capable of producing a glycoprotein comprising a GlcNAcMan₅GlcNAc₂ glycoform. The glycoprotein produced in the above cells can be treated in vitro with a hexaminidase to produce a recombinant glycoprotein comprising a Man₅GlcNAc₂ glycoform.

In a further embodiment, the immediately preceding host cell further includes a mannosidase II catalytic domain fused to a cellular targeting signal peptide not normally associated with the catalytic domain and selected to target mannosidase II activity to the ER or Golgi apparatus of the host cell. Passage of the recombinant glycoprotein through the ER or Golgi apparatus of the host cell produces a recombinant glycoprotein comprising a GlcNAcMan₃GlcNAc₂ glycoform, for example a recombinant glycoprotein composition comprising predominantly a GlcNAcMan₃GlcNAc₂ glycoform. U.S. Pat. No. 7,029,872 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,625,756, the disclosures of which are all incorporated herein by reference, discloses lower eukaryote host cells that express mannosidase II enzymes and are capable of producing glycoproteins having predominantly a GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂ glycoform. The glycoprotein produced in the above cells can be treated in vitro with a hexaminidase to produce a recombinant glycoprotein comprising a Man₃GlcNAc₂ glycoform.

In a further embodiment, the immediately preceding host cell further includes N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II (GlcNAc transferase II or GnT II) catalytic domain fused to a cellular targeting signal peptide not normally associated with the catalytic domain and selected to target GlcNAc transferase II activity to the ER or Golgi apparatus of the host cell. Passage of the recombinant glycoprotein through the ER or Golgi apparatus of the host cell produces a recombinant glycoprotein comprising a GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂ glycoform, for example a recombinant glycoprotein composition comprising predominantly a GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂ glycoform. U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,029,872 and 7,449,308 and U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2005/0170452, the disclosures of which are all incorporated herein by reference, disclose lower eukaryote host cells capable of producing a glycoprotein comprising a GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂ glycoform. The glycoprotein produced in the above cells can be treated in vitro with a hexaminidase to produce a recombinant glycoprotein comprising a Man₃GlcNAc₂ glycoform.

In a further embodiment, the immediately preceding host cell further includes a galactosyltransferase catalytic domain fused to a cellular targeting signal peptide not normally associated with the catalytic domain and selected to target galactosyltransferase activity to the ER or Golgi apparatus of the host cell. Passage of the recombinant glycoprotein through the ER or Golgi apparatus of the host cell produces a recombinant glycoprotein comprising a GalGlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂ or Gal₂GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂ glycoform, or mixture thereof for example a recombinant glycoprotein composition comprising predominantly a GalGlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂ glycoform or Gal₂GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂ glycoform or mixture thereof. U.S. Pat. No. 7,029,872 and U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2006/0040353, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference, discloses lower eukaryote host cells capable of producing a glycoprotein comprising a Gal₂GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂ glycoform. The glycoprotein produced in the above cells can be treated in vitro with a galactosidase to produce a recombinant glycoprotein comprising a GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂ glycoform, for example a recombinant glycoprotein composition comprising predominantly a GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂ glycoform.

In a further embodiment, the immediately preceding host cell further includes a sialyltransferase catalytic domain fused to a cellular targeting signal peptide not normally associated with the catalytic domain and selected to target sialyltransferase activity to the ER or Golgi apparatus of the host cell. Passage of the recombinant glycoprotein through the ER or Golgi apparatus of the host cell produces a recombinant glycoprotein comprising predominantly a NANA₂Gal₂GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂ glycoform or NANAGal₂GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂ glycoform or mixture thereof. For lower eukaryote host cells such as yeast and filamentous fungi, it is useful that the host cell further include a means for providing CMP-sialic acid for transfer to the N-glycan. U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2005/0260729, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a method for genetically engineering lower eukaryotes to have a CMP-sialic acid synthesis pathway and U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2006/0286637, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a method for genetically engineering lower eukaryotes to produce sialylated glycoproteins. The glycoprotein produced in the above cells can be treated in vitro with a neuraminidase to produce a recombinant glycoprotein comprising predominantly a Gal₂GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂ glycoform or GalGlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂ glycoform or mixture thereof.

Any one of the preceding host cells can further include one or more GlcNAc transferase selected from the group consisting of GnT III, GnT IV, GnT V, GnT VI, and GnT IX to produce glycoproteins having bisected (GnT III) and/or multiantennary (GnT IV, V, VI, and IX) N-glycan structures such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,598,055 and U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2007/0037248, the disclosures of which are all incorporated herein by reference.

In further embodiments, the host cell that produces glycoproteins that have predominantly GlcNAcMan₅GlcNAc₂ N-glycans further includes a galactosyltransferase catalytic domain fused to a cellular targeting signal peptide not normally associated with the catalytic domain and selected to target galactosyltransferase activity to the ER or Golgi apparatus of the host cell. Passage of the recombinant glycoprotein through the ER or Golgi apparatus of the host cell produces a recombinant glycoprotein comprising predominantly the GalGlcNAcMan₅GlcNAc₂ glycoform.

In a further embodiment, the immediately preceding host cell that produced glycoproteins that have predominantly the GalGlcNAcMan₅GlcNAc₂ N-glycans further includes a sialyltransferase catalytic domain fused to a cellular targeting signal peptide not normally associated with the catalytic domain and selected to target sialytransferase activity to the ER or Golgi apparatus of the host cell. Passage of the recombinant glycoprotein through the ER or Golgi apparatus of the host cell produces a recombinant glycoprotein comprising a NANAGalGlcNAcMan₅GlcNAc₂ glycoform.

In further aspects, any one of the aforementioned host cells, the host cell is further modified to include a fucosyltransferase and a pathway for producing fucose and transporting fucose into the ER or Golgi. Examples of methods for modifying Pichia pastoris to render it capable of producing glycoproteins in which one or more of the N-glycans thereon are fucosylated are disclosed in Published International Application No. WO 2008112092, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In particular aspects of the invention, the Pichia pastoris host cell is further modified to include a fucosylation pathway comprising a GDP-mannose-4,6-dehydratase, GDP-keto-deoxy-mannose-epimerase/GDP-keto-deoxy-galactose-reductase, GDP-fucose transporter, and a fucosyltransferase. In particular aspects, the fucosyltransferase is selected from the group consisting of α1,2-fucosyltransferase, α1,3-fucosyltransferase, α1,4-fucosyltransferase, and α1,6-fucosyltransferase.

Various of the preceding host cells further include one or more sugar transporters such as UDP-GlcNAc transporters (for example, Kluyveromyces lactis and Mus musculus UDP-GlcNAc transporters), UDP-galactose transporters (for example, Drosophila melanogaster UDP-galactose transporter), and CMP-sialic acid transporter (for example, human sialic acid transporter). Because lower eukaryote host cells such as yeast and filamentous fungi lack the above transporters, it is preferable that lower eukaryote host cells such as yeast and filamentous fungi be genetically engineered to include the above transporters.

Host cells further include Pichia pastoris that are genetically engineered to eliminate glycoproteins having phosphomannose residues by deleting or disrupting one or both of the phosphomannosyltransferase genes PNO1 and MNN4B (See for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,198,921 and 7,259,007; the disclosures of which are all incorporated herein by reference), which in further aspects can also include deleting or disrupting the MNN4A gene. Disruption includes disrupting the open reading frame encoding the particular enzymes or disrupting expression of the open reading frame or abrogating translation of RNAs encoding one or more of the β-mannosyltransferases and/or phosphomannosyltransferases using interfering RNA, antisense RNA, or the like. The host cells can further include any one of the aforementioned host cells modified to produce particular N-glycan structures.

Host cells further include lower eukaryote cells (e.g., yeast such as Pichia pastoris) that are genetically modified to control O-glycosylation of the glycoprotein by deleting or disrupting one or more of the protein O-mannosyltransferase (Dol-P-Man:Protein (Ser/Thr) Mannosyl Transferase genes) (PMTs) (See U.S. Pat. No. 5,714,377; the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference) or grown in the presence of Pmtp inhibitors and/or an α1,2 mannosidase as disclosed in Published International Application No. WO 2007061631 the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference), or both. Disruption includes disrupting the open reading frame encoding the Pmtp or disrupting expression of the open reading frame or abrogating translation of RNAs encoding one or more of the Pmtps using interfering RNA, antisense RNA, or the like. The host cells can further include any one of the aforementioned host cells modified to produce particular N-glycan structures.

Pmtp inhibitors include but are not limited to a benzylidene thiazolidinediones. Examples of benzylidene thiazolidinediones that can be used are 5-[[3,4-bis(phenylmethoxy)phenyl]methylene]-4-oxo-2-thioxo-3-thiazolidineacetic Acid; 5-[[3-(1-Phenylethoxy)-4-(2-phenylethoxy)]phenyl]methylene]-4-oxo-2-thioxo-3-thiazolidineacetic Acid; and 5-[[3-(1-Phenyl-2-hydroxy)ethoxy)-4-(2-phenylethoxy)]phenyl]methylene]-4-oxo-2-thioxo-3-thiazolidineacetic Acid.

In particular embodiments, the function or expression of at least one endogenous PMT gene is reduced, disrupted, or deleted. For example, in particular embodiments the function or expression of at least one endogenous PMT gene selected from the group consisting of the PMT1, PMT2, PMT3, and PMT4 genes is reduced, disrupted, or deleted; or the host cells are cultivated in the presence of one or more PMT inhibitors. In further embodiments, the host cells include one or more PMT gene deletions or disruptions and the host cells are cultivated in the presence of one or more Pmtp inhibitors. In particular aspects of these embodiments, the host cells also express a secreted α-1,2-mannosidase.

PMT deletions or disruptions and/or Pmtp inhibitors control O-glycosylation by reducing O-glycosylation occupancy; that is by reducing the total number of O-glycosylation sites on the glycoprotein that are glycosylated. The further addition of an α-1,2-mannosidase that is secreted by the cell controls O-glycosylation by reducing the mannose chain length of the O-glycans that are on the glycoprotein. Thus, combining PMT deletions or disruptions and/or Pmtp inhibitors with expression of a secreted α-1,2-mannosidase controls O-glycosylation by reducing occupancy and chain length. In particular circumstances, the particular combination of PMT deletions or disruptions, Pmtp inhibitors, and α-1,2-mannosidase is determined empirically as particular heterologous glycoproteins (antibodies, for example) may be expressed and transported through the Golgi apparatus with different degrees of efficiency and thus may require a particular combination of PMT deletions or disruptions, Pmtp inhibitors, and α-1,2-mannosidase. In another aspect, genes encoding one or more endogenous mannosyltransferase enzymes are deleted. The deletion(s) can be in combination with providing the secreted α-1,2-mannosidase and/or PMT inhibitors or can be in lieu of providing the secreted α-1,2-mannosidase and/or PMT inhibitors.

Thus, the control of O-glycosylation can be useful for producing particular glycoproteins in the host cells disclosed herein in better total yield or in yield of properly assembled glycoprotein. The reduction or elimination of O-glycosylation appears to have a beneficial effect on the assembly and transport of glycoproteins such as whole antibodies as they traverse the secretory pathway and are transported to the cell surface. Thus, in cells in which O-glycosylation is controlled, the yield of properly assembled glycoproteins such as antibody fragments is increased over the yield obtained in host cells in which O-glycosylation is not controlled.

To reduce or eliminate the likelihood of N-glycans and O-glycans with β-linked mannose residues, which are resistant to α-mannosidases, the recombinant glycoengineered Pichia pastoris host cells are genetically engineered to eliminate glycoproteins having α-mannosidase-resistant N-glycans by deleting or disrupting one or more of the β-mannosyltransferase genes (e.g., BMT1, BMT2, BMT3, and BMT4) (See, U.S. Pat. No. 7,465,577 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,713,719). The deletion or disruption of BMT2 and one or more of BMT1, BMT3, and BMT4 also reduces or eliminates detectable cross reactivity to antibodies against host cell protein.

Yield of glycoprotein can in some situations be improved by overexpressing nucleic acid molecules encoding mammalian or human chaperone proteins or replacing the genes encoding one or more endogenous chaperone proteins with nucleic acid molecules encoding one or more mammalian or human chaperone proteins. In addition, the expression of mammalian or human chaperone proteins in the host cell also appears to control O-glycosylation in the cell. Thus, further included are the host cells herein wherein the function of at least one endogenous gene encoding a chaperone protein has been reduced or eliminated, and a vector encoding at least one mammalian or human homolog of the chaperone protein is expressed in the host cell. Also included are host cells in which the endogenous host cell chaperones and the mammalian or human chaperone proteins are expressed. In further aspects, the lower eukaryotic host cell is a yeast or filamentous fungi host cell. Examples of the use of chaperones of host cells in which human chaperone proteins are introduced to improve the yield and reduce or control O-glycosylation of recombinant proteins has been disclosed in Published International Application No. WO 2009105357 and WO2010019487 (the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference). Like above, further included are lower eukaryotic host cells wherein, in addition to replacing the genes encoding one or more of the endogenous chaperone proteins with nucleic acid molecules encoding one or more mammalian or human chaperone proteins or overexpressing one or more mammalian or human chaperone proteins as described above, the function or expression of at least one endogenous gene encoding a protein O-mannosyltransferase (PMT) protein is reduced, disrupted, or deleted. In particular embodiments, the function of at least one endogenous PMT gene selected from the group consisting of the PMT1, PMT2, PMT3, and PMT4 genes is reduced, disrupted, or deleted.

Therefore, the methods disclose herein can use any host cell that has been genetically modified to produce glycoproteins wherein the predominant N-glycan is selected from the group consisting of complex N-glycans, hybrid N-glycans, and high mannose N-glycans wherein complex N-glycans may be selected from the group consisting of GlcNAc₍₂₋₄₎Man₃GlcNAc₂, Gal₍₁₋₄₎GlcNAc₍₂₋₄₎Man₃GlcNAc₂, and NANA₍₁₋₄₎Gal₍₁₋₄₎GlcNAc₍₂₋₄₎Man₃GlcNAc₂; hybrid N-glycans maybe selected from the group consisting of GlcNAcMan₃ GlcNAc₂; GalGlcNAcMan₃GlcNAc₂; NANAGalGlcNAcMan₃ GlcNAc₂ GlcNAcMan₅GlcNAc₂, GalGlcNAcMan₅GlcNAc₂, and NANAGalGlcNAcMan₅GlcNAc₂; and high Mannose N-glycans maybe selected from the group consisting of Man₅GlcNAc₂, Man₆GlcNAc₂, Man₇GlcNAc₂, Man₈GlcNAc₂, and Man₉GlcNAc₂. Further included are glycoproteins having N-glycans consisting of the N-glycan structure Man₃GlcNAc₂, for example, as shown in U.S. Published Application No. 20050170452.

Therefore, provided is a method for producing a heterologous glycoprotein with mammalian- or human-like complex or hybrid N-glycans in a lower eukaryote host cell, comprising providing a lower eukaryote host cell that is genetically engineered to produce glycoproteins that have human-like N-glycans and includes a nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase and a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heterologous glycoprotein; and culturing the host cell under conditions for expressing the heterologous glycoprotein to produce the heterologous glycoprotein.

In a further aspect of the above, provided is a method for producing a heterologous glycoprotein with mammalian- or human-like complex or hybrid N-glycans in a yeast or filamentous fungus host cell, comprising providing a yeast or filamentous fungus host cell that is genetically engineered to produce glycoproteins that have human-like N-glycans and includes a nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase and a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heterologous glycoprotein; and culturing the host cell under conditions for expressing the heterologous glycoprotein to produce the heterologous glycoprotein.

Further provided is a yeast or filamentous fungus host cell genetically engineered to produce glycoproteins having mammalian- or human-like N-glycans, comprising a first nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase; and a second nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous glycoprotein; and wherein the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex are expressed. This includes expression of the endogenous STT3 gene, which in yeast is the STT3 gene.

In general, in the above methods and host cells, the single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase is capable of functionally suppressing the lethal phenotype of a mutation of at least one essential protein of the OTase complex. In further aspects, the essential protein of the OTase complex is encoded by the STT3 locus, WBP1 locus, OST1 locus, SWP1 locus, or OST2 locus, or homologue thereof. In further aspects, the for example single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase is the Leishmania major STT3D protein.

Promoters are DNA sequence elements for controlling gene expression. In particular, promoters specify transcription initiation sites and can include a TATA box and upstream promoter elements. The promoters selected are those which would be expected to be operable in the particular host system selected. For example, yeast promoters are used when a yeast such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces lactis, Ogataea minuta, or Pichia pastoris is the host cell whereas fungal promoters would be used in host cells such as Aspergillus niger, Neurospora crassa, or Tricoderma reesei. Examples of yeast promoters include but are not limited to the GAPDH, AOX1, SEC4, HH1, PMA1, OCH1, GAL1, PGK, GAP, TPI, CYC1, ADH2, PHO5, CUP1, MFα1, FLD1, PMA1, PDI, TEF, RPL10, and GUT1 promoters. Romanos et al., Yeast 8: 423-488 (1992) provide a review of yeast promoters and expression vectors. Hartner et al., Nucl. Acid Res. 36: e76 (pub on-line 6 Jun. 2008) describes a library of promoters for fine-tuned expression of heterologous proteins in Pichia pastoris.

The promoters that are operably linked to the nucleic acid molecules disclosed herein can be constitutive promoters or inducible promoters. An inducible promoter, for example the AOX1 promoter, is a promoter that directs transcription at an increased or decreased rate upon binding of a transcription factor in response to an inducer. Transcription factors as used herein include any factor that can bind to a regulatory or control region of a promoter and thereby affect transcription. The RNA synthesis or the promoter binding ability of a transcription factor within the host cell can be controlled by exposing the host to an inducer or removing an inducer from the host cell medium. Accordingly, to regulate expression of an inducible promoter, an inducer is added or removed from the growth medium of the host cell. Such inducers can include sugars, phosphate, alcohol, metal ions, hormones, heat, cold and the like. For example, commonly used inducers in yeast are glucose, galactose, alcohol, and the like.

Transcription termination sequences that are selected are those that are operable in the particular host cell selected. For example, yeast transcription termination sequences are used in expression vectors when a yeast host cell such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces lactis, or Pichia pastoris is the host cell whereas fungal transcription termination sequences would be used in host cells such as Aspergillus niger, Neurospora crassa, or Tricoderma reesei. Transcription termination sequences include but are not limited to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CYC transcription termination sequence (ScCYC TT), the Pichia pastoris ALG3 transcription termination sequence (ALG3 TT), the Pichia pastoris ALG6 transcription termination sequence (ALG6 TT), the Pichia pastoris ALG12 transcription termination sequence (ALG12 TT), the Pichia pastoris AOX1 transcription termination sequence (AOX1 TT), the Pichia pastoris OCH1 transcription termination sequence (OCH1 TT) and Pichia pastoris PMA1 transcription termination sequence (PMA1 TT). Other transcription termination sequences can be found in the examples and in the art.

For genetically engineering yeast, selectable markers can be used to construct the recombinant host cells include drug resistance markers and genetic functions which allow the yeast host cell to synthesize essential cellular nutrients, e.g. amino acids. Drug resistance markers which are commonly used in yeast include chloramphenicol, kanamycin, methotrexate, G418 (geneticin), Zeocin, and the like. Genetic functions which allow the yeast host cell to synthesize essential cellular nutrients are used with available yeast strains having auxotrophic mutations in the corresponding genomic function. Common yeast selectable markers provide genetic functions for synthesizing leucine (LEU2), tryptophan (TRP1 and TRP2), proline (PRO1), uracil (URA3, URA5, URA6), histidine (HIS3), lysine (LYS2), adenine (ADE1 or ADE2), and the like. Other yeast selectable markers include the ARR3 gene from S. cerevisiae, which confers arsenite resistance to yeast cells that are grown in the presence of arsenite (Bobrowicz et al., Yeast, 13:819-828 (1997); Wysocki et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272:30061-30066 (1997)). A number of suitable integration sites include those enumerated in U.S. Pat. No. 7,479,389 (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference) and include homologs to loci known for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other yeast or fungi. Methods for integrating vectors into yeast are well known (See for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,479,389, U.S. Pat. No. 7,514,253, U.S. Published Application No. 2009012400, and WO2009/085135; the disclosures of which are all incorporated herein by reference). Examples of insertion sites include, but are not limited to, Pichia ADE genes; Pichia TRP (including TRP1 through TRP2) genes; Pichia MCA genes; Pichia CYM genes; Pichia PEP genes; Pichia PRB genes; and Pichia LEU genes. The Pichia ADE1 and ARG4 genes have been described in Lin Cereghino et al., Gene 263:159-169 (2001) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,818,700 (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference), the HIS3 and TRP1 genes have been described in Cosano et al., Yeast 14:861-867 (1998), HIS4 has been described in GenBank Accession No. X56180.

The methods disclosed herein can be adapted for use in mammalian, plant, and insect cells. Examples of animal cells include, but are not limited to, SC-I cells, LLC-MK cells, CV-I cells, CHO cells, COS cells, murine cells, human cells, HeLa cells, 293 cells, VERO cells, MDBK cells, MDCK cells, MDCK cells, CRFK cells, RAF cells, TCMK cells, LLC-PK cells, PK15 cells, WI-38 cells, MRC-5 cells, T-FLY cells, BHK cells, SP2/0, NSO cells, and derivatives thereof. Insect cells include cells of Drosophila melanogaster origin. These cells can be genetically engineered to render the cells capable of making immunoglobulins that have particular or predominantly particular N-glycans. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,949,372 discloses methods for making glycoproteins in insect cells that are sialylated. Yamane-Ohnuki et al. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 87: 614-622 (2004), Kanda et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng. 94: 680-688 (2006), Kanda et al., Glycobiol. 17: 104-118 (2006), and U.S. Pub. Application Nos. 2005/0216958 and 2007/0020260 (the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference) disclose mammalian cells that are capable of producing immunoglobulins in which the N-glycans thereon lack fucose or have reduced fucose. U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2005/0074843 (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference) discloses making antibodies in mammalian cells that have bisected N-glycans.

The regulatable promoters selected for regulating expression of the expression cassettes in mammalian, insect, or plant cells should be selected for functionality in the cell-type chosen. Examples of suitable regulatable promoters include but are not limited to the tetracycline-regulatable promoters (See for example, Berens & Hillen, Eur. J. Biochem. 270: 3109-3121 (2003)), RU 486-inducible promoters, ecdysone-inducible promoters, and kanamycin-regulatable systems. These promoters can replace the promoters exemplified in the expression cassettes described in the examples. The capture moiety can be fused to a cell surface anchoring protein suitable for use in the cell-type chosen. Cell surface anchoring proteins including GPI proteins are well known for mammalian, insect, and plant cells. GPI-anchored fusion proteins has been described by Kennard et al., Methods Biotechnol. Vo. 8: Animal Cell Biotechnology (Ed. Jenkins. Human Press, Inc., Totowa, N.J.) pp. 187-200 (1999). The genome targeting sequences for integrating the expression cassettes into the host cell genome for making stable recombinants can replace the genome targeting and integration sequences exemplified in the examples. Transfection methods for making stable and transiently transfected mammalian, insect, and plant host cells are well known in the art. Once the transfected host cells have been constructed as disclosed herein, the cells can be screened for expression of the immunoglobulin of interest and selected as disclosed herein.

Therefore, in a further aspect of the above, provided is a method for producing a heterologous glycoprotein in a mammalian or insect host cell, comprising providing a mammalian or insect host cell that includes a nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase (e.g., Leishmania major STT3 protein) and a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heterologous glycoprotein; and culturing the host cell under conditions for expressing the heterologous glycoprotein to produce the heterologous glycoprotein. In further aspects, the host cell is genetically engineered to produce glycoproteins with human-like N-glycans or N-glycans not normally endogenous to the host cell.

In a further aspect of the above, provided is a method for producing a heterologous glycoprotein wherein the N-glycosylation site occupancy of the heterologous glycoprotein is greater than 83% in a mammalian or insect host cell, comprising providing a mammalian or insect host cell that includes a nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase (e.g., Leishmania major STT3 protein) and a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heterologous glycoprotein; and culturing the host cell under conditions for expressing the heterologous glycoprotein to produce the heterologous glycoprotein wherein the N-glycosylation site occupancy of the heterologous glycoprotein is greater than 83%. In further aspects, the host cell is genetically engineered to produce glycoproteins with human-like N-glycans or N-glycans not normally endogenous to the host cell.

In a further embodiment of the above methods, the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex are expressed.

In particular embodiments of the above methods, the N-glycosylation site occupancy is at least 94%. In further still embodiments, the N-glycosylation site occupancy is at least 99%.

Further provided is a mammalian or insect host cell, comprising a first nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase (e.g., the Leishmania major STT3D protein); and a second nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous glycoprotein; and wherein the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the endogenous host cell oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex are expressed.

In particular embodiments, the higher eukaryote cell, tissue, or organism can also be from the plant kingdom, for example, wheat, rice, corn, tobacco, and the like. Alternatively, bryophyte cells can be selected, for example from species of the genera Physcomitrella, Funaria, Sphagnum, Ceratodon, Marchantia, and Sphaerocarpos. Exemplary of plant cells is the bryophyte cell of Physcomitrella patens, which has been disclosed in WO 2004/057002 and WO2008/006554 (the disclosures of which are all incorporated herein by reference). Expression systems using plant cells can further manipulated to have altered glycosylation pathways to enable the cells to produce immunoglobulins that have predominantly particular N-glycans. For example, the cells can be genetically engineered to have a dysfunctional or no core fucosyltransferase and/or a dysfunctional or no xylosyltransferase, and/or a dysfunctional or no β1,4-galactosyltransferase. Alternatively, the galactose, fucose and/or xylose can be removed from the immunoglobulin by treatment with enzymes removing the residues. Any enzyme resulting in the release of galactose, fucose and/or xylose residues from N-glycans which are known in the art can be used, for example α-galactosidase, β-xylosidase, and α-fucosidase. Alternatively, an expression system can be used which synthesizes modified N-glycans which can not be used as substrates by 1,3-fucosyltransferase and/or 1,2-xylosyltransferase, and/or 1,4-galactosyltransferase. Methods for modifying glycosylation pathways in plant cells are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,449,308, 6,998,267 and 7,388,081 (the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference) which disclose methods for genetically engineering plants to make recombinant glycoproteins that have human-like N-glycans. WO 2008006554 (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference) discloses methods for making glycoproteins such as antibodies in plants genetically engineered to make glycoproteins without xylose or fucose. WO 2007006570 (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference) discloses methods for genetically engineering bryophytes, ciliates, algae, and yeast to make glycoproteins that have animal or human-like glycosylation patterns.

Therefore, in a further aspect of the above, provided is a method for producing a heterologous glycoprotein with mammalian- or human-like complex or hybrid N-glycans in a plant host cell, comprising providing a plant host cell that is genetically engineered to produce glycoproteins that have mammalian- or human-like N-glycans and includes a nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase (e.g., the Leishmania major STT3D protein) and a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heterologous glycoprotein; and culturing the host cell under conditions for expressing the heterologous glycoprotein to produce the heterologous glycoprotein.

In a further aspect of the above, provided is a method for producing a heterologous glycoprotein with mammalian- or human-like complex or hybrid N-glycans wherein the N-glycosylation site occupancy of the heterologous glycoprotein is greater than 83% in a plant host cell, comprising providing a plant host cell that is genetically engineered to produce glycoproteins that have mammalian- or human-like N-glycans and includes a nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase (e.g., the Leishmania major STT3D protein) and a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heterologous glycoprotein; and culturing the host cell under conditions for expressing the heterologous glycoprotein to produce the heterologous glycoprotein with mammalian- or human-like N-glycans wherein the N-glycosylation site occupancy of the heterologous glycoprotein is greater than 83%.

In a further embodiment of the above methods, the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the endogenous host cell oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex are expressed.

In particular embodiments of the above methods, the N-glycosylation site occupancy is at least 94%. In further still embodiments, the N-glycosylation site occupancy is at least 99%.

Further provided is a plant host cell, comprising a first nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase (e.g., the Leishmania major STT3D protein); and a second nucleic acid molecule encoding a heterologous glycoprotein; and wherein the endogenous host cell genes encoding the proteins comprising the endogenous host cell oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) complex are expressed.

The host cells and methods herein are useful for producing a wide range of recombinant proteins and glycoproteins. Examples of recombinant proteins and glycoproteins that can be produced in the host cells disclosed herein include but are not limited to erythropoietin (EPO); cytokines such as interferon α, interferon β, interferon γ, and interferon ω; and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GCSF); granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF); coagulation factors such as factor VIII, factor IX, and human protein C; antithrombin III; thrombin,; soluble IgE receptor α-chain; immunoglobulins or antibodies such as IgG, IgG fragments, IgG fusions, and IgM; immunoadhesions and other Fc fusion proteins such as soluble TNF receptor-Fc fusion proteins; RAGE-Fc fusion proteins; interleukins; urokinase; chymase; urea trypsin inhibitor; IGF-binding protein; epidermal growth factor; growth hormone-releasing factor; annexin V fusion protein; angiostatin; vascular endothelial growth factor-2; myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor-1; osteoprotegerin; α-1-antitrypsin; α-feto proteins; DNase II; kringle 3 of human plasminogen; glucocerebrosidase; TNF binding protein 1; follicle stimulating hormone; cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4-Ig; transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand; glucagon like protein 1; and IL-2 receptor agonist.

The recombinant host cells and methods disclosed herein are particularly useful for producing antibodies, Fc fusion proteins, and the like where it is desirable to provide antibody or Fc fusion protein compositions wherein the percent galactose-containing N-glycans is increased compared to the percent galactose obtainable in the host cells prior to modification as taught herein. Examples of antibodies that can be made in the host cells herein include but are not limited to human antibodies, humanized antibodies, chimeric antibodies, heavy chain antibodies (e.g., camel or llama). Specific antibodies include but are not limited to the following antibodies recited under their generic name (target): Muromonab-CD3 (anti-CD3 receptor antibody), Abciximab (anti-CD41 7E3 antibody), Rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody), Daclizumab (anti-CD25 antibody), Basiliximab (anti-CD25 antibody), Palivizumab (anti-RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) antibody), Infliximab (anti-TNFα antibody), Trastuzumab (anti-Her2 antibody), Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (anti-CD33 antibody), Alemtuzumab (anti-CD52 antibody), Ibritumomab tiuxeten (anti-CD20 antibody), Adalimumab (anti-TNFα antibody), Omalizumab (anti-IgE antibody), Tositumomab-¹³¹I (iodinated derivative of an anti-CD20 antibody), Efalizumab (anti-CD11a antibody), Cetuximab (anti-EGF receptor antibody), Golimumab (anti-TNFα antibody), Bevacizumab (anti VEGF-A antibody), and variants thereof. Examples of Fc-fusion proteins that can be made in the host cells disclosed herein include but are not limited to etanercept (TNFR-Fc fusion protein), FGF-21-Fc fusion proteins, GLP-1-Fc fusion proteins, RAGE-Fc fusion proteins, EPO-Fc fusion proteins, ActRIIA-Fc fusion proteins, ActRIIB-Fc fusion proteins, glucagon-Fc fusions, oxyntomodulin-Fc-fusions, and analogs and variants thereof.

Thus, the methods and host cells herein can be used to produce glycoprotein compositions in which at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% of the N-glycosylation sites of the glycoproteins in the composition are occupied and the glycoproteins have mammalian- or human-like N-glycans.

Further, the methods and host cells herein can be used to produce glycoprotein compositions in which at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% of the N-glycosylation sites of the glycoproteins in the composition are occupied and the glycoproteins have mammalian- or human-like N-glycans that lack fucose.

Further, the methods and yeast or filamentous fungus host cells genetically engineered to produce mammalian-like or human-like N-glycans can be used to produce glycoprotein compositions in which at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% of the N-glycosylation sites of the glycoproteins in the composition are occupied and the glycoproteins have mammalian- or human-like N-glycans that lack fucose.

In some aspects, the yeast or filamentous host cells genetically engineered to produce fucosylated mammalian- or human-like N-glycans can be used to produce glycoprotein compositions in which at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% of the N-glycosylation sites of the glycoproteins in the composition are occupied and the glycoproteins have mammalian- or human-like N-glycans that have fucose.

The recombinant cells disclosed herein can be used to produce antibodies and Fc fragments suitable for chemically conjugating to a heterologous peptide or drug molecule. For example, WO2005047334, WO2005047336, WO2005047337, and WO2006107124 (the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference) disclose chemically conjugating peptides or drug molecules to Fc fragments. EP1180121, EP1105409, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,593,295 (the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference) disclose chemically conjugating peptides and the like to blood components, which includes whole antibodies.

Thus, the methods and host cells herein can be used to produce antibody compositions in which at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% of the antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and the antibodies have mammalian- or human-like N-glycans.

Further, the methods and host cells herein can be used to produce antibody compositions in which at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% of the antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and the antibodies have mammalian- or human-like N-glycans that lack fucose.

Further, the methods and yeast or filamentous fungus host cells genetically engineered to produce mammalian-like or human-like N-glycans can be used to produce antibody compositions in which at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% of the antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and the antibodies have mammalian- or human-like N-glycans that lack fucose.

In some aspects, the yeast or filamentous host cells genetically engineered to produce fucosylated mammalian- or human-like N-glycans can be used to produce antibody compositions in which at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% of the antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and the antibodies have mammalian- or human-like N-glycans that have fucose.

As shown in Example 3, the N-glycosylation composition of antibodies produced in Pichia pastoris strains, which have been genetically engineered to make galactose-terminated

N-glycans, appear to range from about 50-60 mole % G0, 18-24 mole % G1, 3-8% mole % G2, 12-17 mole % Man5, and 3-6 mole % hybrids.

Therefore, provided is a glycoprotein composition comprising a plurality of antibodies wherein at least 70% of the antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and about 50-70 mole % of the N-glycans have a G0 structure, 15-25 mole % of the N-glycans have a G1 structure, 4-12 mole % of the N-glycans have a G2 structure, 5-17 mole % of the N-glycans have a Man5 structure, and 5-15 mole % of the N-glycans have a hybrid structure, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Further still is provided is a glycoprotein composition comprising a plurality of antibodies wherein at least 70% of the antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and about 53 to 58 mole % of the N-glycans have a G0 structure, 20-22 mole % of the N-glycans have a G1 structure, and about 16 to 18 mole % of the N-glycans comprise a Man₅GlcNAc₂ core structure, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In further aspects of the above, the N-glycans further include fucose.

Therefore, provided is a glycoprotein composition comprising a plurality of antibodies wherein at least 75% of the antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and about 50-70 mole % of the N-glycans have a G0 structure, 15-25 mole % of the N-glycans have a G1 structure, 4-12 mole % of the N-glycans have a G2 structure, 5-17 mole % of the N-glycans have a Man5 structure, and 5-15 mole % of the N-glycans have a hybrid structure, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Further still is provided is a glycoprotein composition comprising a plurality of antibodies wherein at least 75% of the antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and about 53 to 58 mole % of the N-glycans have a G0 structure, 20-22 mole % of the N-glycans have a G1 structure, and about 16 to 18 mole % of the N-glycans comprise a Man₅GlcNAc₂ core structure, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In further aspects of the above, the N-glycans further include fucose.

Further still, provided is a glycoprotein composition comprising a plurality of antibodies wherein at least 80% of the antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and about 50-70 mole % of the N-glycans have a G0 structure, 15-25 mole % of the N-glycans have a G1 structure, 4-12 mole % of the N-glycans have a G2 structure, 5-17 mole % of the N-glycans have a Man5 structure, and 5-15 mole % of the N-glycans have a hybrid structure, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Further still is provided is a glycoprotein composition comprising a plurality of antibodies wherein at least 80% of the antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and about 53 to 58 mole % of the N-glycans have a G0 structure, 20-22 mole % of the N-glycans have a G1 structure, and about 16 to 18 mole % of the N-glycans comprise a Man₅GlcNAc₂ core structure, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In further aspects of the above, the N-glycans further include fucose.

Therefore, provided is a glycoprotein composition comprising a plurality of antibodies wherein at least 85% of the antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and about 50-70 mole % of the N-glycans have a G0 structure, 15-25 mole % of the N-glycans have a G1 structure, 4-12 mole % of the N-glycans have a G2 structure, 5-17 mole % of the N-glycans have a Man5 structure, and 5-15 mole % of the N-glycans have a hybrid structure, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Further still is provided is a glycoprotein composition comprising a plurality of antibodies wherein at least 85% of the antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and about 53 to 58 mole % of the N-glycans have a G0 structure, 20-22 mole % of the N-glycans have a G1 structure, and about 16 to 18 mole % of the N-glycans comprise a Man₅GlcNAc₂ core structure, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In further aspects of the above, the N-glycans further include fucose.

Further still, provided is a glycoprotein composition comprising a plurality of antibodies wherein at least 90% of the antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and about 50-70 mole % of the N-glycans have a G0 structure, 15-25 mole % of the N-glycans have a G1 structure, 4-12 mole % of the N-glycans have a G2 structure, 5-17 mole % of the N-glycans have a Man5 structure, and 5-15 mole % of the N-glycans have a hybrid structure, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Further still is provided is a glycoprotein composition comprising a plurality of antibodies wherein at least 90% of the antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and about 53 to 58 mole % of the N-glycans have a G0 structure, 20-22 mole % of the N-glycans have a G1 structure, and about 16 to 18 mole % of the N-glycans comprise a Man₅GlcNAc₂ core structure, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In further aspects of the above, the N-glycans further include fucose.

Therefore, provided is a glycoprotein composition comprising a plurality of antibodies wherein at least 95% of the antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and about 50-70 mole % of the N-glycans have a G0 structure, 15-25 mole % of the N-glycans have a G1 structure, 4-12 mole % of the N-glycans have a G2 structure, 5-17 mole % of the N-glycans have a Man5 structure, and 5-15 mole % of the N-glycans have a hybrid structure, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Further still is provided is a glycoprotein composition comprising a plurality of antibodies wherein at least 95% of the antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and about 53 to 58 mole % of the N-glycans have a G0 structure, 20-22 mole % of the N-glycans have a G1 structure, and about 16 to 18 mole % of the N-glycans comprise a Man₅GlcNAc₂ core structure, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In further aspects of the above, the N-glycans further include fucose.

Further still, provided is a glycoprotein composition comprising a plurality of antibodies wherein at least 98% of the antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and about 50-70 mole % of the N-glycans have a G0 structure, 15-25 mole % of the N-glycans have a G1 structure, 4-12 mole % of the N-glycans have a G2 structure, 5-17 mole % of the N-glycans have a Man5 structure, and 5-15 mole % of the N-glycans have a hybrid structure, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Further still is provided is a glycoprotein composition comprising a plurality of antibodies wherein at least 98% of the antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and about 53 to 58 mole % of the N-glycans have a G0 structure, 20-22 mole % of the N-glycans have a G1 structure, and about 16 to 18 mole % of the N-glycans comprise a Man₅GlcNAc₂ core structure, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In further aspects of the above, the N-glycans further include fucose.

Therefore, provided is a glycoprotein composition comprising a plurality of antibodies wherein at least 99% of the antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and about 50-70 mole % of the N-glycans have a G0 structure, 15-25 mole % of the N-glycans have a G1 structure, 4-12 mole % of the N-glycans have a G2 structure, 5-17 mole % of the N-glycans have a Man5 structure, and 5-15 mole % of the N-glycans have a hybrid structure, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Further still is provided is a glycoprotein composition comprising a plurality of antibodies wherein at least 99% of the antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and about 53 to 58 mole % of the N-glycans have a G0 structure, 20-22 mole % of the N-glycans have a G1 structure, and about 16 to 18 mole % of the N-glycans comprise a Man₅GlcNAc₂ core structure, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In further aspects of the above, the N-glycans further include fucose.

In particular embodiments, the antibodies comprise an antibody selected from the group consisting of anti-Her2 antibody, anti-RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) antibody, anti-TNFα antibody, anti-VEGF antibody, anti-CD3 receptor antibody, anti-CD41 7E3 antibody, anti-CD25 antibody, anti-CD52 antibody, anti-CD33 antibody, anti-IgE antibody, anti-CD11a antibody, anti-EGF receptor antibody, and anti-CD20 antibody.

All patents and publications referenced or mentioned herein are indicative of the levels of skill of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains, and each such referenced patent or publication is hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if it had been incorporated by reference in its entirety individually or set forth herein in its entirety.

The following examples are intended to promote a further understanding of the present invention.

Example 1

Plasmids comprising expression cassettes encoding the Leishmania major STT3D (LmSTT3D) open reading frame (ORF) operably linked to an inducible or constitutive promoter were constructed as follows.

The open reading frame encoding the LmSTT3D (SEQ ID NO:12) was codon-optimized for optimal expression in P. pastoris and synthesized by GeneArt AG, Brandenburg, Germany. The codon-optimized nucleic acid molecule encoding the LmSTT3D was designated pGLY6287 and has the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:11.

Plasmid pGLY6301 (FIG. 2) is a roll-in integration plasmid that targets the URA6 locus in P. pastoris. The expression cassette encoding the LmSTT3D comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding the LmSTT3D ORF codon-optimized for effective expression in P. pastoris operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule that has the inducible P. pastoris AOX1 promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO:23) and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule that has the S. cerevisiae CYC transcription termination sequence (SEQ ID NO:24). For selecting transformants, the plasmid comprises an expression cassette encoding the S. cerevisiae ARR3 ORF in which the nucleic acid molecule encoding the ORF (SEQ ID NO:32) is operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule having the P. pastoris RPL10 promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO:25) and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule having the S. cerevisiae CYC transcription termination sequence (SEQ ID NO:24). The plasmid further includes a nucleic acid molecule for targeting the URA6 locus (SEQ ID NO:33). Plasmid pGLY6301 was constructed by cloning the DNA fragment encoding the codon-optimized LmSTT3D ORF (pGLY6287) flanked by an EcoRI site at the 5′ end and an FseI site at the 3′ end into plasmid pGF130t, which had been digested with EcoRI and FseI.

Plasmid pGLY6294 (FIG. 3) is a KINKO integration vector that targets the TRP1 locus in P. pastoris without disrupting expression of the locus. KINKO (Knock-In with little or No Knock-Out) integration vectors enable insertion of heterologous DNA into a targeted locus without disrupting expression of the gene at the targeted locus and have been described in U.S. Published Application No. 20090124000. The expression cassette encoding the LmSTT3D comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding the LmSTT3D ORF operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule that has the constitutive P. pastoris GAPDH promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO:26) and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule having the S. cerevisiae CYC transcription termination sequence (SEQ ID NO:24). For selecting transformants, the plasmid comprises an expression cassette encoding the Nourseothricin resistance (NATR) ORF (originally from pAG25 from EROSCARF, Scientific Research and Development GmbH, Daimlerstrasse 13a, D-61352 Bad Homburg, Germany, See Goldstein et al., Yeast 15: 1541 (1999)); wherein the nucleic acid molecule encoding the ORF (SEQ ID NO:34) is operably linked to at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule having the Ashbya gossypii TEF1 promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO:86) and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule that has the Ashbya gossypii TEF1 termination sequence (SEQ ID NO:87). The two expression cassettes are flanked on one side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 5′ region of the ORF encoding Trp1p ending at the stop codon (SEQ ID NO:30) linked to a nucleic acid molecule having the P. pastoris ALG3 termination sequence (SEQ ID NO:29) and on the other side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 3′ region of the TRP1 gene (SEQ ID NO:31). Plasmid pGLY6294 was constructed by cloning the DNA fragment encoding the codon-optimized LmSTT3D ORF (pGLY6287) flanked by a NotI site at the 5′ end and a Pad site at the 3′ end into plasmid pGLY597, which had been digested with NotI and FseI. An expression cassette comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding the Nourseothricin resistance ORF (NAT) operably linked to the Ashbya gossypii TEF1 promoter (PTEF) and Ashbya gossypii TEF1 termination sequence (TTEF).

The above plasmids can be used to introduce the LmSTT3D expression cassettes into P. pastoris to increase the N-glycosylation site occupancy on glycoproteins produced therein as shown in the following examples.

Example 2

Genetically engineered Pichia pastoris strain YGLY13992 is a strain that produces recombinant human anti-Her2 antibodies and Pichia pastoris strain YGLY14401 is a strain that produces recombinant human anti-RSV antibodies. Construction of the strains is illustrated schematically in FIG. 1A-1H. Briefly, the strains were constructed as follows.

The strain YGLY8316 was constructed from wild-type Pichia pastoris strain NRRL-Y 11430 using methods described earlier (See for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,449,308; U.S. Pat. No. 7,479,389; U.S. Published Application No. 20090124000; Published PCT Application No. WO2009085135; Nett and Gerngross, Yeast 20:1279 (2003); Choi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:5022 (2003); Hamilton et al., Science 301:1244 (2003)). All plasmids were made in a pUC19 plasmid using standard molecular biology procedures. For nucleotide sequences that were optimized for expression in P. pastoris, the native nucleotide sequences were analyzed by the GENEOPTIMIZER software (GeneArt, Regensburg, Germany) and the results used to generate nucleotide sequences in which the codons were optimized for P. pastoris expression. Yeast strains were transformed by electroporation (using standard techniques as recommended by the manufacturer of the electroporator BioRad).

Plasmid pGLY6 (FIG. 4) is an integration vector that targets the URA5 locus. It contains a nucleic acid molecule comprising the S. cerevisiae invertase gene or transcription unit (ScSUC2; SEQ ID NO:38) flanked on one side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 5′ region of the P. pastoris URA5 gene (SEQ ID NO:39) and on the other side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence from the 3′ region of the P. pastoris URA5 gene (SEQ ID NO:40). Plasmid pGLY6 was linearized and the linearized plasmid transformed into wild-type strain NRRL-Y 11430 to produce a number of strains in which the ScSUC2 gene was inserted into the URA5 locus by double-crossover homologous recombination. Strain YGLY1-3 was selected from the strains produced and is auxotrophic for uracil.

Plasmid pGLY40 (FIG. 5) is an integration vector that targets the OCH1 locus and contains a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris URA5 gene or transcription unit (SEQ ID NO:41) flanked by nucleic acid molecules comprising lacZ repeats (SEQ ID NO:42) which in turn is flanked on one side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 5′ region of the OCH1 gene (SEQ ID NO:43) and on the other side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 3′ region of the OCH1 gene (SEQ ID NO:44). Plasmid pGLY40 was linearized with SfiI and the linearized plasmid transformed into strain YGLY1-3 to produce a number of strains in which the URA5 gene flanked by the lacZ repeats has been inserted into the OCH1 locus by double-crossover homologous recombination. Strain YGLY2-3 was selected from the strains produced and is prototrophic for URA5. Strain YGLY2-3 was counterselected in the presence of 5-fluoroorotic acid (5-FOA) to produce a number of strains in which the URA5 gene has been lost and only the lacZ repeats remain in the OCH1 locus. This renders the strain auxotrophic for uracil. Strain YGLY4-3 was selected.

Plasmid pGLY43a (FIG. 6) is an integration vector that targets the BMT2 locus and contains a nucleic acid molecule comprising the K. lactis UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) transporter gene or transcription unit (KlMNN2-2, SEQ ID NO:45) adjacent to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris URA5 gene or transcription unit flanked by nucleic acid molecules comprising lacZ repeats. The adjacent genes are flanked on one side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 5′ region of the BMT2 gene (SEQ ID NO: 46) and on the other side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 3′ region of the BMT2 gene (SEQ ID NO:47). Plasmid pGLY43a was linearized with SfiI and the linearized plasmid transformed into strain YGLY4-3 to produce to produce a number of strains in which the KlMNN2-2 gene and URA5 gene flanked by the lacZ repeats has been inserted into the BMT2 locus by double-crossover homologous recombination. The BMT2 gene has been disclosed in Mille et al., J. Biol. Chem. 283: 9724-9736 (2008) and U.S. Pat. No. 7,465,557. Strain YGLY6-3 was selected from the strains produced and is prototrophic for uracil. Strain YGLY6-3 was counterselected in the presence of 5-FOA to produce strains in which the URA5 gene has been lost and only the lacZ repeats remain. This renders the strain auxotrophic for uracil. Strain YGLY8-3 was selected.

Plasmid pGLY48 (FIG. 7) is an integration vector that targets the MNN4L1 locus and contains an expression cassette comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding the mouse homologue of the UDP-GlcNAc transporter (SEQ ID NO:48) open reading frame (ORF) operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris GAPDH promoter (SEQ ID NO:26) and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the S. cerevisiae CYC termination sequences (SEQ ID NO:24) adjacent to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris URA5 gene flanked by lacZ repeats and in which the expression cassettes together are flanked on one side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 5′ region of the P. pastoris MNN4L1 gene (SEQ ID NO:49) and on the other side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 3′ region of the MNN4L1 gene (SEQ ID NO:50). Plasmid pGLY48 was linearized with SfiI and the linearized plasmid transformed into strain YGLY8-3 to produce a number of strains in which the expression cassette encoding the mouse UDP-GlcNAc transporter and the URA5 gene have been inserted into the MNN4L1 locus by double-crossover homologous recombination. The MNN4L1 gene (also referred to as MNN4B) has been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,259,007. Strain YGLY10-3 was selected from the strains produced and then counterselected in the presence of 5-FOA to produce a number of strains in which the URA5 gene has been lost and only the lacZ repeats remain. Strain YGLY12-3 was selected.

Plasmid pGLY45 (FIG. 8) is an integration vector that targets the PNO1/MNN4 loci and contains a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris URA5 gene or transcription unit flanked by nucleic acid molecules comprising lacZ repeats which in turn is flanked on one side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 5′ region of the PNO1 gene (SEQ ID NO:51) and on the other side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 3′ region of the MNN4 gene (SEQ ID NO:52). Plasmid pGLY45 was linearized with SfiI and the linearized plasmid transformed into strain YGLY12-3 to produce a number of strains in which the URA5 gene flanked by the lacZ repeats has been inserted into the PNO1/MNN4 loci by double-crossover homologous recombination. The PNO1 gene has been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,198,921 and the MNN4 gene (also referred to as MNN4B) has been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,259,007. Strain YGLY14-3 was selected from the strains produced and then counterselected in the presence of 5-FOA to produce a number of strains in which the URA5 gene has been lost and only the lacZ repeats remain. Strain YGLY16-3 was selected.

Plasmid pGLY1430 (FIG. 9) is a KINKO integration vector that targets the ADE1 locus without disrupting expression of the locus and contains in tandem four expression cassettes encoding (1) the human GlcNAc transferase I catalytic domain (NA) fused at the N-terminus to P. pastoris SEC12 leader peptide (10) to target the chimeric enzyme to the ER or Golgi, (2) mouse homologue of the UDP-GlcNAc transporter (MmTr), (3) the mouse mannosidase IA catalytic domain (FB) fused at the N-terminus to S. cerevisiae SEC12 leader peptide (8) to target the chimeric enzyme to the ER or Golgi, and (4) the P. pastoris URA5 gene or transcription unit. KINKO (Knock-In with little or No Knock-Out) integration vectors enable insertion of heterologous DNA into a targeted locus without disrupting expression of the gene at the targeted locus and have been described in U.S. Published Application No. 20090124000. The expression cassette encoding the NA10 comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding the human GlcNAc transferase I catalytic domain codon-optimized for expression in P. pastoris (SEQ ID NO:53) fused at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule encoding the SEC12 leader 10 (SEQ ID NO:54), which is operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris PMA1 promoter and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris PMA1 transcription termination sequence. The expression cassette encoding MmTr comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding the mouse homologue of the UDP-GlcNAc transporter ORF operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris SEC4 promoter (SEQ ID NO:55) and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris OCH1 termination sequences (SEQ ID NO:56). The expression cassette encoding the FB8 comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding the mouse mannosidase IA catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO:57) fused at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule encoding the SEC12-m leader 8 (SEQ ID NO:58), which is operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris GADPH promoter and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the S. cerevisiae CYC transcription termination sequence. The URA5 expression cassette comprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris URA5 gene or transcription unit flanked by nucleic acid molecules comprising lacZ repeats. The four tandem cassettes are flanked on one side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 5′ region and complete ORF of the ADE1 gene (SEQ ID NO:59) followed by a P. pastoris ALG3 termination sequence (SEQ ID NO:29) and on the other side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 3′ region of the ADE1 gene (SEQ ID NO:60). Plasmid pGLY1430 was linearized with SfiI and the linearized plasmid transformed into strain YGLY16-3 to produce a number of strains in which the four tandem expression cassette have been inserted into the ADE1 locus immediately following the ADE1 ORF by double-crossover homologous recombination. The strain YGLY2798 was selected from the strains produced and is auxotrophic for arginine and now prototrophic for uridine, histidine, and adenine. The strain was then counterselected in the presence of 5-FOA to produce a number of strains now auxotrophic for uridine. Strain YGLY3794 was selected and is capable of making glycoproteins that have predominantly galactose terminated N-glycans.

Plasmid pGLY582 (FIG. 10) is an integration vector that targets the HIS1 locus and contains in tandem four expression cassettes encoding (1) the S. cerevisiae UDP-glucose epimerase (ScGAL10), (2) the human galactosyltransferase I (hGalT) catalytic domain fused at the N-terminus to the S. cerevisiae KRE2-s leader peptide (33) to target the chimeric enzyme to the ER or Golgi, (3) the P. pastoris URA5 gene or transcription unit flanked by lacZ repeats, and (4) the D. melanogaster UDP-galactose transporter (DmUGT). The expression cassette encoding the ScGAL10 comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding the ScGAL100RF (SEQ ID NO:61) operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris PMA1 promoter (SEQ ID NO:88) and operably linked at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris PMA1 transcription termination sequence (SEQ ID NO:62). The expression cassette encoding the chimeric galactosyltransferase I comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding the hGalT catalytic domain codon optimized for expression in P. pastoris (SEQ ID NO:63) fused at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule encoding the KRE2-s leader 33 (SEQ ID NO:64), which is operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris GAPDH promoter and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the S. cerevisiae CYC transcription termination sequence. The URA5 expression cassette comprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris URA5 gene or transcription unit flanked by nucleic acid molecules comprising lacZ repeats. The expression cassette encoding the DmUGT comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding the DmUGT ORF (SEQ ID NO:65) operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris OCH1 promoter (SEQ ID NO:66) and operably linked at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris ALG12 transcription termination sequence (SEQ ID NO:67). The four tandem cassettes are flanked on one side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 5′ region of the HIS1 gene (SEQ ID NO:68) and on the other side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 3′ region of the HIS1 gene (SEQ ID NO:69). Plasmid pGLY582 was linearized and the linearized plasmid transformed into strain YGLY3794 to produce a number of strains in which the four tandem expression cassette have been inserted into the HIS1 locus by homologous recombination. Strain YGLY3853 was selected and is auxotrophic for histidine and prototrophic for uridine.

Plasmid pGLY167b (FIG. 11) is an integration vector that targets the ARG1 locus and contains in tandem three expression cassettes encoding (1) the D. melanogaster mannosidase II catalytic domain (KD) fused at the N-terminus to S. cerevisiae MNN2 leader peptide (53) to target the chimeric enzyme to the ER or Golgi, (2) the P. pastoris HIS1 gene or transcription unit, and (3) the rat N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase II catalytic domain (TC) fused at the N-terminus to S. cerevisiae MNN2 leader peptide (54) to target the chimeric enzyme to the ER or Golgi. The expression cassette encoding the KD53 comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding the D. melanogaster mannosidase II catalytic domain codon-optimized for expression in P. pastoris (SEQ ID NO:70) fused at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule encoding the MNN2 leader 53 (SEQ ID NO:71), which is operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris GAPDH promoter and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the S. cerevisiae CYC transcription termination sequence. The HIS1 expression cassette comprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris HIS1 gene or transcription unit (SEQ ID NO:72). The expression cassette encoding the TC54 comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding the rat GlcNAc transferase II catalytic domain codon-optimized for expression in P. pastoris (SEQ ID NO:73) fused at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule encoding the MNN2 leader 54 (SEQ ID NO:74), which is operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris PMA1 promoter and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris PMA1 transcription termination sequence. The three tandem cassettes are flanked on one side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 5′ region of the ARG1 gene (SEQ ID NO:75) and on the other side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 3′ region of the ARG1 gene (SEQ ID NO:76). Plasmid pGLY167b was linearized with SfiI and the linearized plasmid transformed into strain YGLY3853 to produce a number of strains (in which the three tandem expression cassette have been inserted into the ARG1 locus by double-crossover homologous recombination. The strain YGLY4754 was selected from the strains produced and is auxotrophic for arginine and prototrophic for uridine and histidine. The strain was then counterselected in the presence of 5-FOA to produce a number of strains now auxotrophic for uridine. Strain YGLY4799 was selected.

Plasmid pGLY3411 (FIG. 12) is an integration vector that contains the expression cassette comprising the P. pastoris URA5 gene flanked by lacZ repeats flanked on one side with the 5′ nucleotide sequence of the P. pastoris BMT4 gene (SEQ ID NO:77) and on the other side with the 3′ nucleotide sequence of the P. pastoris BMT4 gene (SEQ ID NO:78). Plasmid pGLY3411 was linearized and the linearized plasmid transformed into YGLY4799 to produce a number of strains in which the URA5 expression cassette has been inserted into the BMT4 locus by double-crossover homologous recombination. Strain YGLY6903 was selected from the strains produced and is prototrophic for uracil, adenine, histidine, proline, arginine, and tryptophan. The strain was then counterselected in the presence of 5-FOA to produce a number of strains now auxotrophic for uridine. Strains YGLY7432 and YGLY7433 were selected.

Plasmid pGLY3419 (FIG. 13) is an integration vector that contains an expression cassette comprising the P. pastoris URA5 gene flanked by lacZ repeats flanked on one side with the 5′ nucleotide sequence of the P. pastoris BMT1 gene (SEQ ID NO:79) and on the other side with the 3′ nucleotide sequence of the P. pastoris BMT1 gene (SEQ ID NO:80). Plasmid pGLY3419 was linearized and the linearized plasmid transformed into strain YGLY7432 and YGLY7433 to produce a number of strains in which the URA5 expression cassette has been inserted into the BMT1 locus by double-crossover homologous recombination. The strains YGLY7656 and YGLY7651 were selected from the strains produced and are prototrophic for uracil, adenine, histidine, proline, arginine, and tryptophan. The strains were then counterselected in the presence of 5-FOA to produce a number of strains now auxotrophic for uridine. Strains YGLY7930 and YGLY7940 were selected.

Plasmid pGLY3421 (FIG. 14) is an integration vector that contains an expression cassette comprising the P. pastoris URA5 gene flanked by lacZ repeats flanked on one side with the 5′ nucleotide sequence of the P. pastoris BMT3 gene (SEQ ID NO:81) and on the other side with the 3′ nucleotide sequence of the P. pastoris BMT3 gene (SEQ ID NO:82). Plasmid pGLY3419 was linearized and the linearized plasmid transformed into strain YGLY7930 and YGLY7940 to produce a number of strains in which the URA5 expression cassette has been inserted into the BMT1 locus by double-crossover homologous recombination. The strains YGLY7965 and YGLY7961 were selected from the strains produced and are prototrophic for uracil, adenine, histidine, proline, arginine, and tryptophan.

Plasmid pGLY3673 (FIG. 15) is a KINKO integration vector that targets the PRO1 locus without disrupting expression of the locus and contains expression cassettes encoding the T. reesei α-1,2-mannosidase catalytic domain fused at the N-terminus to S. cerevisiae αMATpre signal peptide (aMATTrMan) to target the chimeric protein to the secretory pathway and secretion from the cell. The expression cassette encoding the aMATTrMan comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding the T. reesei catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO:83) fused at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule encoding the S. cerevisiae αMATpre signal peptide (SEQ ID NO:13), which is operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris AOX1 promoter (SEQ ID NO:23) and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the S. cerevisiae CYC transcription termination sequence (SEQ ID NO:24). The cassette is flanked on one side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 5′ region and complete ORF of the PRO1 gene (SEQ ID NO:89) followed by a P. pastoris ALG3 termination sequence and on the other side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 3′ region of the PRO1 gene (SEQ ID NO:90). The plasmid contains the PpARG1 gene. Plasmid pGLY3673 was transformed into strains YGLY7965 and YGLY7961 to produce a number of strains of which strains YGLY78316 and YGLY8323 were selected from the strains produced.

Plasmid p GLY6833 (FIG. 16) is a roll-in integration plasmid encoding the light and heavy chains of an anti-Her2 antibody that targets the TRP2 locus in P. pastoris. The expression cassette encoding the anti-Her2 heavy chain comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavy chain ORF codon-optimized for effective expression in P. pastoris (SEQ ID NO:15) operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule encoding the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating factor pre-signal sequence (SEQ ID NO:14) which in turn is fused at its N-terminus to a nucleic acid molecule that has the inducible P. pastoris AOX1 promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO:23) and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule that has the P. pastoris CIT1 transcription termination sequence (SEQ ID NO:85). The expression cassette encoding the anti-Her2 light chain comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding the light chain ORF codon-optimized for effective expression in P. pastoris (SEQ ID NO:17) operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule encoding the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating factor pre-signal sequence (SEQ ID NO:14) which in turn is fused at its N-terminus to a nucleic acid molecule that has the inducible P. pastoris AOX1 promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO:23) and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule that has the P. pastoris CIT1 transcription termination sequence (SEQ ID NO:85). For selecting transformants, the plasmid comprises an expression cassette encoding the Zeocin ORF in which the nucleic acid molecule encoding the ORF (SEQ ID NO:35) is operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule having the S. cerevisiae TEF promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO:37) and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule having the S. cerevisiae CYC transcription termination sequence (SEQ ID NO:24). The plasmid further includes a nucleic acid molecule for targeting the TRP2 locus (SEQ ID NO:91).

Plasmid p GLY6564 (FIG. 17) is a roll-in integration plasmid encoding the light and heavy chains of an anti-RSV antibody that targets the TRP2 locus in P. pastoris. The expression cassette encoding the anti-RSV heavy chain comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavy chain ORF codon-optimized for effective expression in P. pastoris (SEQ ID NO:19) operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule encoding the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating factor pre-signal sequence (SEQ ID NO:14) which in turn is fused at its N-terminus to a nucleic acid molecule that has the inducible P. pastoris AOX1 promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO:23) and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule that has the S. cerevisiae CYC transcription termination sequence (SEQ ID NO:24). The expression cassette encoding the anti-RSV light chain comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding the light chain ORF codon-optimized for effective expression in P. pastoris (SEQ ID NO:21) operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule encoding the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating factor pre-signal sequence (SEQ ID NO:14) which in turn is fused at its N-terminus to a nucleic acid molecule that has the inducible P. pastoris AOX1 promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO:23) and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule that has the P. pastoris AOX1 transcription termination sequence (SEQ ID NO:36). For selecting transformants, the plasmid comprises an expression cassette encoding the Zeocin ORF in which the nucleic acid molecule encoding the ORF (SEQ ID NO:35) is operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule having the S. cerevisiae TEF promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO:37) and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule having the S. cerevisiae CYC transcription termination sequence (SEQ ID NO:24). The plasmid further includes a nucleic acid molecule for targeting the TRP2 locus (SEQ ID NO:91).

Strain YGLY13992 was generated by transforming pGLY6833, which encodes the anti-Her2 antibody, into YGLY8316. The strain YGLY13992 was selected from the strains produced. In this strain, the expression cassettes encoding the anti-Her2 heavy and light chains are targeted to the Pichia pastoris TRP2 locus (PpTRP2). This strain does not include the LmSTT3D expression cassette. Strain YGLY14401 was generated by transforming pGLY6564, which encodes the anti-RSV antibody, into YGLY8323. The strain YGLY14401 was selected from the strains produced. In this strain, the expression cassettes encoding the anti-RSV heavy and light chains are targeted to the Pichia pastoris TRP2 locus (PpTRP2). This strain does not include the LmSTT3D expression cassette.

Transformation of the appropriate strains disclosed herein with the above LmSTT3D expression/integration plasmid vectors was performed essentially as follows. Appropriate Pichia pastoris strains were grown in 50 mL YPD media (yeast extract (1%), peptone (2%), and dextrose (2%)) overnight to an OD of about 0.2 to 6. After incubation on ice for 30 minutes, cells were pelleted by centrifugation at 2500-3000 rpm for five minutes. Media was removed and the cells washed three times with ice cold sterile 1 M sorbitol before resuspension in 0.5 mL ice cold sterile 1 M sorbitol. Ten μL linearized DNA (5-20 μg) and 100 μL cell suspension was combined in an electroporation cuvette and incubated for 5 minutes on ice. Electroporation was in a Bio-Rad GenePulser Xcell following the preset Pichia pastoris protocol (2 kV, 25 μF, 200Ω), immediately followed by the addition of 1 mL YPDS recovery media (YPD media plus 1 M sorbitol). The transformed cells were allowed to recover for four hours to overnight at room temperature (24° C.) before plating the cells on selective media.

Strains YGLY13992 and YGLY14401 were each then transformed with pGLY6301, which encodes the LmSTT3D under the control of the inducible AOX1 promoter, or pGLY6294, which encodes the LmSTT3D under the control of the constitutive GAPDH promoter, as described above to produce the strains described in Example 3.

Example 3

Integration/expression plasmid pGLY6301, which comprises the expression cassette in which the ORF encoding the LmSTT3D is operably-linked to the inducible PpAOX1 promoter, or pGLY6294, which comprises the expression cassette in which the ORF encoding the LmSTT3D is operably-linked to the constitutive PpGAPDH promoter, was linearized with SpeI or SfiI, respectively, and the linearized plasmids transformed into Pichia pastoris strain YGLY13992 or YGLY14401 to produce strains YGLY17351, YGLY17368, YGLY17319, and YGLY17354 shown in Table 1. Transformations were performed essentially as described in Example 2.

TABLE 1 LmSTT3D Strain Antibody expression YGLY13992 Anti-Her2 none YGLY17351 Anti-Her2 inducible YGLY17368 Anti-Her2 constitutive YGLY14401 Anti-RSV none YGLY17319 Anti-RSV inducible YGLY17354 Anti-RSV constitutive

The genomic integration of pGLY6301 at the URA6 locus was confirmed by colony PCR (cPCR) using the primers, PpURA6out/UP (5′-CTGAGGAGTCAGATATCAGCTCAATCTCCAT-3; SEQ ID NO: 1) and Puc19/LP (5′-TCCGGCTCGTATGTTGTGTGGAATTGT-3; SEQ ID NO: 2) or ScARR3/UP (5′-GGCAATAGTCGCGAGAATCCTTAAACCAT-3; SEQ ID NO: 3) and PpURA6out/LP (5-CTGGATGTTTGATGGGTTCAGTTTCAGCTGGA-3; SEQ ID NO: 4).

The genomic integration of pGLY6294 at the TRP1 locus was confirmed by cPCR using the primers, PpTRP-5′ out/UP (5′-CCTCGTAAAGATCTGCGGTTTGCAAAGT-3; SEQ ID NO: 5) and PpALG3TT/LP (5′-CCTCCCACTGGAACCGATGATATGGAA-3; SEQ ID NO: 6) or PpTEFTT/UP (5′-GATGCGAAGTTAAGTGCGCAGAAAGTAATATCA-3; SEQ ID NO: 7) and PpTRP1-3′ out/LP (5′-CGTGTGTACCTTGAAACGTCAATGATACTTTGA-3; SEQ ID NO: 8). Integration of the expression cassette encoding the LmSTT3D into the genome was confirmed using cPCR primers, LmSTT3D/iUP (5′-GCGACTGGTTCCAATTGACAAGCTT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 9) and LmSTT3D/iLP (5′-CAACAGTAGAACCAGAAGCCTCGTAAGTACAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 10). The PCR conditions were one cycle of 95° C. for two minutes, 35 cycles of 95° C. for 20 seconds, 55° C. for 20 seconds, and 72° C. for one minute; followed by one cycle of 72° C. for 10 minutes.

The strains were cultivated in a Sixfor fermentor to produce the antibodies for N-glycosylation site occupancy analysis. Cell growth conditions of the transformed strains for antibody production were generally as follows.

Protein expression for the transformed yeast strains was carried out at in shake flasks at 24° C. with buffered glycerol-complex medium (BMGY) consisting of 1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 6.0, 1.34% yeast nitrogen base, 4×10⁻⁵% biotin, and 1% glycerol. The induction medium for protein expression was buffered methanol-complex medium (BMMY) consisting of 1% methanol instead of glycerol in BMGY. Pmt inhibitor Pmti-3 in methanol was added to the growth medium to a final concentration of 18.3 μM at the time the induction medium was added. Cells were harvested and centrifuged at 2,000 rpm for five minutes.

SixFors Fermentor Screening Protocol followed the parameters shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 SixFors Fermentor Parameters Parameter Set-point Actuated Element pH 6.5 ± 0.1 30% NH₄OH Temperature  24 ± 0.1 Cooling Water & Heating Blanket Dissolved O2 n/a Initial impeller speed of 550 rpm is ramped to 1200 rpm over first 10 hr, then fixed at 1200 rpm for remainder of run

At time of about 18 hours post-inoculation, SixFors vessels containing 350 mL media A (See Table 3 below) plus 4% glycerol were inoculated with strain of interest. A small dose (0.3 mL of 0.2 mg/mL in 100% methanol) of Pmti-3 (5-[[3-(1-Phenyl-2-hydroxy)ethoxy)-4-(2-phenylethoxy)]phenyl]methylene]-4-oxo-2-thioxo-3-thiazolidineacetic Acid) (See Published International Application No. WO 2007061631) was added with inoculum. At time about 20 hour, a bolus of 17 mL 50% glycerol solution (Glycerol Fed-Batch Feed, See Table 4 below) plus a larger dose (0.3 mL of 4 mg/mL) of Pmti-3 was added per vessel. At about 26 hours, when the glycerol was consumed, as indicated by a positive spike in the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, a methanol feed (See Table 5 below) was initiated at 0.7 mL/hr continuously. At the same time, another dose of Pmti-3 (0.3 mL of 4 mg/mL stock) was added per vessel. At time about 48 hours, another dose (0.3 mL of 4 mg/mL) of Pmti-3 was added per vessel. Cultures were harvested and processed at time about 60 hours post-inoculation.

TABLE 3 Composition of Media A Soytone L-1 20 g/L Yeast Extract 10 g/L KH₂PO4 11.9 g/L K₂HPO₄ 2.3 g/L Sorbitol 18.2 g/L Glycerol 40 g/L Antifoam Sigma 204 8 drops/L 10X YNB w/Ammonium Sulfate w/o 100 mL/L Amino Acids (134 g/L) 250X Biotin (0.4 g/L) 10 mL/L 500X Chloramphenicol (50 g/L) 2 mL/L 500X Kanamycin (50 g/L) 2 mL/L

TABLE 4 Glycerol Fed-Batch Feed Glycerol 50 % m/m PTM1 Salts (see Table IV-E below) 12.5 mL/L 250X Biotin (0.4 g/L) 12.5 mL/L

TABLE 5 Methanol Feed Methanol 100 % m/m PTM1 Salts (See Table 6) 12.5 mL/L 250X Biotin (0.4 g/L) 12.5 mL/L

TABLE 6 PTM1 Salts CuSO₄—5H₂O 6 g/L NaI 80 mg/L MnSO₄—7H₂O 3 g/L NaMoO₄—2H₂O 200 mg/L H₃BO₃ 20 mg/L CoCl₂—6H₂O 500 mg/L ZnCl₂ 20 g/L FeSO₄—7H₂O 65 g/L Biotin 200 mg/L H₂SO₄ (98%) 5 mL/L

The occupancy of N-glycan on anti-Her2 or anti-RSV antibodies was determined using capillary electrophoresis (CE) as follows. The antibodies were recovered from the cell culture medium and purified by protein A column chromatography. The protein A purified sample (100-200 μg) was concentrated to about 100 μL and then buffer was exchanged with 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 9.0 with 1% SDS. Then, the sample along with 2 μL of 10 kDa internal standard provided by Beckman was reduced by addition of 5 μL β-mercaptoethanol and boiled for five minutes. About 20 μL of reduced sample was then resolved over a bare-fused silica capillary (about 70 mm, 50 μm I.D.) according to the method recommended by Beckman Coulter.

FIG. 18 shows the N-glycosylation site occupancy of heavy chains from the CE analysis. The figure shows that for both antibodies, the amount of N-linked heavy chains species increased from about 80% to about 94% when the LmSTT3D was constitutively expressed to about 99% when expression of the LmSTT3D was induced at the same time as expression of the antibodies was induced.

Table 7 shows N-glycosylation site occupancy of anti-HER2 and anti-RSV antibodies was increased for compositions in which the antibodies were obtained from host cells in which the LmSTT3D was overexpressed in the presence of the endogenous oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex. To determine N-glycosylation site occupancy, antibodies were reduced and the N-glycan occupancy of the heavy chains determined. The table shows that in general, overexpression of the LmSTT3D under the control of an inducible promoter effected an increase of N-glycosylation site occupancy from about 82-83% to about 99% for both antibodies tested (about a 19% increase over the N-glycosylation site occupancy in the absence of LmSTT3D overexpression). The expression of the LmSTT3D and the antibodies were under the control of the same inducible promoter. When overexpression of the LmSTT3D was under the control of a constitutive promoter the increase in N-glycosylation site occupancy was increased to about 94% for both antibodies tested (about a 13% increase over the N-glycosylation site occupancy in the absence of LmSTT3D overexpression).

TABLE 7 Heavy Chain N- LmSTT3D glycosylation AOX1 Prom. GAPDH Prom. site (pGLY 6301) (pGLY6294) occupancy^(#) Strain (inducible) (constitutive) Antibody (%) YGLY13992 None None Anti-HER2 83 YGLY17368 None overexpressed Anti-HER2 94 YGLY17351 overexpressed None Anti-HER2 99 YGLY14401 None None Anti-RSV 82 YGLY17354 None overexpresse Anti-RSV 94 YGLY17319 overexpressed None Anti-RSV 99 ^(#)N-glycosylation site occupancy based upon percent glycosylation site occupancy of total heavy chains from reduced antibodies

Table 8 shows the N-glycosylation site occupancy for compositions comprising whole antibodies obtained from host cells in which the LmSTT3D was overexpressed in the presence of the endogenous oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex based upon the determination of N-glycosylation site occupancy of the individual heavy chains from reduced antibody preparations. The formula (fraction GHC)²×100 will provide an estimate or approximation of the percent fully occupied antibodies based upon the determination of the fraction of heavy chains that are N-glycosylated.

TABLE 8 LmSTT3D Fully AOX1 Prom. GAPDH Prom. Occupied (pGLY6301) (pGLY6294) Antibodies^(#) Strain (inducible) (constitutive) Antibody (%) YGLY13992 None None Anti-HER2 68.9 YGLY17368 None overexpressed Anti-HER2 88.4 YGLY17351 overexpressed None Anti-HER2 98.0 YGLY14401 None None Anti-RSV 67.2 YGLY17354 None overexpressed Anti-RSV 88.4 YGLY17319 overexpressed None Anti-RSV 98.0 ^(#)based upon results obtained from Table 7.

Q-TOF Analysis

The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system used consisted of an Agilent 1200 equipped with autoinjector, a column-heating compartment and a UV detector detecting at 210 and 280 nm. All LC-MS experiments performed with this system were running at 1 mL/min. The flow rate was not split for MS detection. Mass spectrometric analysis was carried out in positive ion mode on Accurate-Mass Q-TOF LC/MS 6520 (Agilent technology). The temperature of dual ESI source was set at 350° C. The nitrogen gas flow rates were set at 13 L/h for the cone and 350 l/h and nebulizer was set at 45 psig with 4500 volt applied to the capillary. Reference mass of 922.009 was prepared from HP-0921 according to API-TOF reference mass solution kit for mass calibration and the protein mass measurements. The data for ion spectrum range from 300-3000 m/z were acquired and processed using Agilent Masshunter.

Sample preparation was as follows. An intact antibody sample (50 μg) was prepared 50 μL 25 mM NH₄HCO₃, pH 7.8. For deglycosylated antibody, a 50 μL aliquot of intact antibody sample was treated with PNGase F (10 units) for 18 hours at 37° C. Reduced antibody was prepared by adding 1 M DTT to a final concentration of 10 mM to an aliquot of either intact antibody or deglycosylated antibody and incubated for 30 min at 37° C.

Three micrograms of intact or deglycosylated antibody sample was loaded onto a Poroshell 300SB-C3 column (2.1 mm×75 mm, 5 μm) (Agilent Technologies) maintained at 70° C. The protein was first rinsed on the cartridge for 1 minute with 90% solvent A (0.1% HCOOH), 5% solvent B (90% Acetonitrile in 0.1% HCOOH). Elution was then performed using a gradient of 5-100% of B over 26 minutes followed by a three-minute regeneration at 100% B and by a final equilibration period of 10 minute at 5% B.

For reduced antibody, a three microgram sample was loaded onto a Poroshell 300SB-C3 column (2.1 mm×75 mm, 5 μm) (Agilent Technologies) maintained at 40 C. The protein was first rinsed on the cartridge for three minutes with 90% solvent A, 5% solvent B.

Elution was then performed using a gradient of 5-80% of B over 20 minutes followed by a seven-minute regeneration at 80% B and by a final equilibration period of 10 minutes at 5% B.

FIG. 19A-C shows the results of a Q-TOF analysis in which the N-glycosylation site occupancy of non-reduced anti-Her2 antibody produced in YGLY17351 (Figure C) was compared to N-glycosylation site occupancy of non-reduced commercially available anti-Her2 antibody produced in CHO cells (HERCEPTIN) (Figure A). The figure shows that anti-Her2 antibody produced in strain YGLY17351 has an N-glycosylation site occupancy that is like the N-glycosylation site occupancy of an anti-Her2 antibody made in CHO cells. The figure shows that the amount of antibodies in which only one N-glycosylation site was occupied decreased and the amount of antibodies in which both N-glycosylation sites was occupied increased when the antibodies were produced by strain YGLY17351. The results shown for anti-Her2 antibody produced in YGLY17351 were consistent with the approximated occupancy shown in Table 8.

FIG. 20 demonstrates the scalability of N-glycosylation site occupancy on anti-Her2 antibodies produced in YGLY17351. In order to evaluate scalability of N-glycan occupancy, YGLY17351 was tested in bioreactors ranging from 5 mL through 40 L. In general, N-glycosylation site occupancy of glycoproteins in glycoengineered P. pastoris has been observed to vary with the process conditions used to produce the glycoproteins. However, the LmSTT3D overexpressing strains showed very consistent N-glycosylation site occupancy (99%) regardless of scale of bioreactors and process conditions. Thus, the present invention provides a method in which the N-glycosylation site occupancy of glycoproteins in glycoengineered P. pastoris grown under small scale conditions is maintained when grown under large scale conditions.

FIGS. 21 A-B and 22 A-B are provided for illustrative purposes. FIG. 21A-B shows the results of a CE (FIG. 21B) and Q-TOF (FIG. 21A) analysis for a commercial lot of anti-Her2 antibody produced in CHO cells (HERCEPTIN). FIG. 22 A-B shows the results of a CE (FIG. 22B) and Q-TOF (FIG. 22A) analysis for the same commercial lot of anti-Her2 antibody following treatment with PNGase F for a time. The CE shows an increase in non-glycosylated heavy chain and the Q-TOF shows the presence of non-glycosylated antibody following PNGase F treatment (compare FIG. 21 A-B to FIG. 22 A-B).

Table 9 shows the N-glycan composition of the anti-Her2 and anti-RSV antibodies produced in strains that overexpress LmSTT3D compared to strains that do not overexpress LmSTT3D. The Figure confirms that the quality of N-glycans of antibodies from LmSTT3D overexpressing strains is comparable to that from strains that do not overexpress LmSTT3D. Antibodies were produced from SixFors (0.5 L bioreactor) and N-glycans from protein A-purified antibodies were analyzed with 2AB labeling. Overall, overexpression of LmSTT3D did not appear to significantly affect the N-glycan composition of the antibodies. The glycosylation composition can vary as a function of fermentation conditions, therefore, the glycosylation composition of antibodies produced in Pichia pastoris strains can range from about 50-70 mole % G0, 15-25 mole % G1, 4-12% mole % G2, 5-17 mole % Man5, and 3-15 mole % hybrids.

TABLE 9 N-glycans (%) LmSTT3D G0 G1 G2 Man5 Hybrids Anti-Her2 none 58.1 ± 1.8 20.5 ± 0.6 3.0 ± 0.9 14.0 ± 2.1 4.3 ± 1.2 Antibody overexpressed 53.9 ± 2.0 22.4 ± 3.0 4.5 ± 1.7 14.7 ± 1.5 4.2 ± 1.5 Anti-RSV none 51.6 ± 1.6 22.9 ± 2.0 5.3 ± 2.2 15.2 ± 1.1 4.9 ± 0.6 Antibody overexpressed 58.4 ± 5.3 20.9 ± 2.8 3.5 ± 0.3 12.4 ± 0.1 4.7 ± 2.3 G0—GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂ G1—GalGlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂ G2—Gal₂GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂ Man5—Man₅GlcNAc₂ Hybrid—GlcNAcMan₅GlcNAc₂ and/or GalGlcNAcMan₅GlcNAc₂

Table 10 shows a comparison of the glycosylation pattern of the anti-RSV antibody produced in strain YGLY14401 compared to several commercial lots of an anti-RSV antibody produced in CHO cells and marketed as palivizumab under the tradename SYNAGIS.

TABLE 10 Anti-RSV SYNAGIS SYNAGIS antibody (Commercial lot (Commercial lot produced in 07A621) 09A621) YGLY14401 Glycoform % of total % of total % of total Man5 6.4 6.8 9.5 G0 <1.0 <1.0 59.9 G0F 33.9 30 0 G1 <1.0 <1.0 20 G1F 41.7 48.8 0 G2 0 0 2.8 G2F 10.9 12.3 0 A2 5.1 3.7 0 Hybrid — — 7.8 O-glycans occupancy 0 0 3.0 (mol/mol) Mannose 0 0 96 (single mannose) Mannobiose 0 0 4 (two mannose residues)

This example shows then that the present invention enables the production of recombinant glycoproteins in Pichia pastoris in which the N-glycosylation site occupancy of the recombinant glycoproteins is comparable to the N-glycosylation site occupancy of recombinant glycoproteins produced in mammalian expression systems such as CHO cells.

Example 4

The Leishmania major STT3A protein, Leishmania major STT3B protein, and Leishmania major STT3D protein, are all examples of heterologous single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferases that have been shown to suppress the lethal phenotype of a deletion of the STT3 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Naseb et al., Molec. Biol. Cell 19: 3758-3768 (2008)). Naseb et al. (ibid.) further showed that the Leishmania major STT3D protein could suppress the lethal phenotype of a mutation of the WBP1, OST1, SWP1, or OST2 loci in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hese et al. (Glycobiology 19: 160-171 (2009)) provides data that suggest the Leishmania major STT3A, STT3B, and STT3D proteins can functionally complement mutations of the WBP1, OST1, SWP1, and OST2 loci. Other single-subunit heterologous oligosaccharyltransferases include but are not limited to single-subunit Giardia or kinetoplastid STT3 proteins, for example, the Caenorhabditis elegans STT3 protein, Trypanosoma brucei STT3 protein, Trypanosoma cruzi STT3 protein, and Toxoplasma gondii STT3 protein. In contrast to the Leishmania major STT3D protein, which Naseb et al. (op. cit.) teaches does not incorporate into the Saccharomyces cerevisiae OTase complex, Castro et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 14756-14760 (2006)) teaches that the Trypanosoma cruzi STT3 appears to integrate into the Saccharomyces cerevisiae OTase complex.

In this example, host cells constructed similar to the host cells in the previous example were transformed with plasmid vectors containing expression cassettes encoding the STT3 protein from Caenorhabditis elegans, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania major STT3C operably linked to the AOX1 promoter. A vector containing an expression cassette encoding the Pichia pastoris Stt3p was included in the experiment. As shown in Table 11, expression of the various STT3 proteins concurrently with expression of the anti-Her2 antibody did not appear result in an increase in N-glycosylation site occupancy. However, various STT3 proteins can display substrate specificity. For example, the Leishmania major STT3A, B, C, and D proteins differ in substrate specificity at the level of glycosylation, which suggests that in addition to the essential N-X-S/T attachment site additional features of the substrate may influence N-linked glycosylation at a particular attachment site (Naseb et al., op cit.). The results shown in Table 9 used the anti-Her2 antibody as the substrate. The C_(H2) domain of each heavy chain of an antibody contains a single site for N-linked glycosylation: this is usually at the asparagine residue 297 (Asn-297) (Kabat et al., Sequences of proteins of immunological interest, Fifth Ed., U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242). Thus, the results shown in Table 9 suggest that the percent N-glycosylation site occupancy might be influenced by the substrate specificity of the particular single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase being used.

TABLE 11 STT3 N-glycosylation site (AOX1 Prom) Antibody occupancy (%) C. elegans overexpressed Anti-Her2 83 T. cruzi overexpressed Anti-Her2 83 L. major (STT3C) overexpressed Anti-Her2 82 P. pastoris overexpressed Anti-Her2 80

Example 5

A strain capable of producing sialylated N-glycans was constructed as follows. The strain was transfected with a plasmid vector encoding human GM-CSF and a plasmid vector encoding the Leishmania major STT3D. Construction of the strains is illustrated schematically in FIG. 23A-23E. Briefly, the strains were constructed as follows.

Plasmid pGLY2456 (FIG. 24) is a KINKO integration vector that targets the TRP2 locus without disrupting expression of the locus and contains six expression cassettes encoding (1) the mouse CMP-sialic acid transporter (mCMP-Sia Transp), (2) the human UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (hGNE), (3) the Pichia pastoris ARG1 gene or transcription unit, (4) the human CMP-sialic acid synthase (hCSS), (5) the human N-acetylneuraminate-9-phosphate synthase (hSPS), (6) the mouse α-2,6-sialyltransferase catalytic domain (mST6) fused at the N-terminus to S. cerevisiae KRE2 leader peptide (33) to target the chimeric enzyme to the ER or Golgi, and the P. pastoris ARG1 gene or transcription unit. The expression cassette encoding the mouse CMP-sialic acid transporter comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding the mCMP Sia Transp ORF codon optimized for expression in P. pastoris (SEQ ID NO:92), which is operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris PMA1 promoter and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris PMA1 transcription termination sequence. The expression cassette encoding the human UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding the hGNE ORF codon optimized for expression in P. pastoris (SEQ ID NO:93), which is operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris GAPDH promoter and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the S. cerevisiae CYC transcription termination sequence. The expression cassette encoding the P. pastoris ARG1 gene comprises (SEQ ID NO:94). The expression cassette encoding the human CMP-sialic acid synthase comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding the hCSS ORF codon optimized for expression in P. pastoris (SEQ ID NO:95), which is operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris GAPDH promoter and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the S. cerevisiae CYC transcription termination sequence. The expression cassette encoding the human N-acetylneuraminate-9-phosphate synthase comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding the hSIAP S ORF codon optimized for expression in P. pastoris (SEQ ID NO:96), which is operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris PMA1 promoter and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris PMA1 transcription termination sequence. The expression cassette encoding the chimeric mouse α-2,6-sialyltransferase comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding the mST6 catalytic domain codon optimized for expression in P. pastoris (SEQ ID NO:97) fused at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule encoding the S. cerevisiae KRE2 signal peptide, which is operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris TEF promoter and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris TEF transcription termination sequence. The six tandem cassettes are flanked on one side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 5′ region and ORF of the TRP2 gene ending at the stop codon (SEQ ID NO:98) followed by a P. pastoris ALG3 termination sequence and on the other side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 3′ region of the TRP2 gene (SEQ ID NO 99). Plasmid pGLY2456 was linearized with SfiI and the linearized plasmid transformed into strain YGLY7961 to produce a number of strains in which the six expression cassette have been inserted into the TRP2 locus immediately following the TRP2 ORF by double-crossover homologous recombination. The strain YGLY8146 was selected from the strains produced. The strain was then counterselected in the presence of 5-FOA to produce a number of strains now auxotrophic for uridine. Strain YGLY9296 was selected.

Plasmid pGLY5048 (FIG. 25) is an integration vector that targets the STE13 locus and contains expression cassettes encoding (1) the T. reesei α-1,2-mannosidase catalytic domain fused at the N-terminus to S. cerevisiae αMATpre signal peptide (aMATTrMan) to target the chimeric protein to the secretory pathway and secretion from the cell and (2) the P. pastoris URA5 gene or transcription unit. The expression cassette encoding the aMATTrMan comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding the T. reesei catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO:83) fused at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule encoding the S. cerevisiae αMATpre signal peptide (SEQ ID NO:13), which is operably linked at the 5′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris AOX1 promoter and at the 3′ end to a nucleic acid molecule comprising the S. cerevisiae CYC transcription termination sequence. The URA5 expression cassette comprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising the P. pastoris URA5 gene or transcription unit flanked by nucleic acid molecules comprising lacZ repeats. The two tandem cassettes are flanked on one side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 5′ region of the STE13 gene (SEQ ID NO:100) and on the other side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 3′ region of the STE13 gene (SEQ ID NO:101). Plasmid pGLY5048 was linearized with SfiI and the linearized plasmid transformed into strain YGLY9296 to produce a number of strains. The strain YGLY9469 was selected from the strains produced. This strain is capable of producing glycoproteins that have single-mannose O-glycosylation (See Published U.S. Application No. 20090170159).

Plasmid pGLY5019 (FIG. 26) is an integration vector that targets the DAP2 locus and contains an expression cassette comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding the Nourseothricin resistance (NATR) expression cassette (originally from pAG25 from EROSCARF, Scientific Research and Development GmbH, Daimlerstrasse 13a, D-61352 Bad Homburg, Germany, See Goldstein et al., Yeast 15: 1541 (1999)). The NAT^(R) expression cassette (SEQ ID NO:34) is operably regulated to the Ashbya gossypii TEF1 promoter and A. gossypii TEF1 termination sequences flanked one side with the 5′ nucleotide sequence of the P. pastoris DAP2 gene (SEQ ID NO:102) and on the other side with the 3′ nucleotide sequence of the P. pastoris DAP2 gene (SEQ ID NO:103). Plasmid pGLY5019 was linearized and the linearized plasmid transformed into strain YGLY9469 to produce a number of strains in which the NATR expression cassette has been inserted into the DAP2 locus by double-crossover homologous recombination. The strain YGLY9797 was selected from the strains produced.

Plasmid pGLY5085 (FIG. 27) is a KINKO plasmid for introducing a second set of the genes involved in producing sialylated N-glycans into P. pastoris. The plasmid is similar to plasmid YGLY2456 except that the P. pastoris ARG1 gene has been replaced with an expression cassette encoding hygromycin resistance (HygR) and the plasmid targets the P. pastoris TRP5 locus. The HYG^(R) resistance cassette is SEQ ID NO:104. The HYG^(R) expression cassette (SEQ ID NO:104) is operably regulated to the Ashbya gossypii TEF1 promoter and A. gossypii TEF1 termination sequences (See Goldstein et al., Yeast 15: 1541 (1999)). The six tandem cassettes are flanked on one side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 5′ region and ORF of the TRP5 gene ending at the stop codon (SEQ ID NO:105) followed by a P. pastoris ALG3 termination sequence and on the other side by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence from the 3′ region of the TRP5 gene (SEQ ID NO:106). Plasmid pGLY5085 was transformed into strain YGLY9797 to produce a number of strains of which strain YGLY1200 was selected.

Plasmid pGLY7240 (FIG. 28), which targets the Pichia pastoris TRP2 locus (PpTRP2), encodes a fusion protein comprising the human GM-CSF fused to the Pichia pastoris CWP1 protein via a linker containing a Kex2 cleavage site. The CWP1 protein is removed from GM-CSF in the late Golgi by the Kex2 endoprotease so that free GM-CSF is secreted into the fermentation supernatant. The human GM-CSF has the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:108 and is encoded by the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:108. The fusion protein (SEQ ID NO:109) is encoded by the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:110. The CWP1 signal sequence is amino acids 1-18, the CWP1 amino acid sequence is from amino acids 19-289, the GGGSLVKR Kex2 linker amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:111) is from amino acids 290-297, and the GM-CSF amino acid sequence is from amino acids 298-424. The expression of the fusion protein is operably linked to the Pp AOX1 promoter and ScCYC termination sequences. Plasmid pGLY7240 was transformed into strain YGLY12900 to produce a number of strains of which strain YGLY15660 was selected. Strain YGLY15660 was transformed with plasmid pGLY6301 (encodes Leishmania major STT3D) to produce a number of strains of which YGLY16349 was selected.

FIG. 29 shows that LmSTT3D also improved N-glycan occupancy of non-antibody glycoprotein, GM-CSF. GM-CSF contains 2 N-linked sites and in wild-type Pichia 1 N-linked site on GM-CSF is predominantly glycosylated. To investigate impact of LmSTT3D on N-glycan occupancy of GM-CSF, methanol-inducible LmSTT3D was overexpressed in GM-CSF producing strain, yGLY15560. N-glycan occupancy was evaluated using Micro24 bioreactor (M24). The cell-free supernatants from M24 were analyzed for N-glycan occupancy using Western blot and 15% SDS-PAGE. As shown in Western blot detected with GM-CSF specific antibody, the majority of GM-CSF (Lanes 2-8) is glycosylated with 2N-linked sites in contrast to the control strain (yGLY15560, lane 9) where GM-CSF is predominantly N-glycosylated with 1 site along with the minor portions of 2 N sites and non-glycosylated. Taken together, this indicates that LmSTT3D can improve N-glycan occupancy of glycoproteins carrying multiple N-linked sites.

FIG. 30 shows Q-TOP analysis of GM-CSF expressed from yGLY15560 (A) and yGLY16349 (B), respectively. This analysis confirms that the majority of GM-CSF is glycosylated with 2N-linked sites in the presence of LmSTT3D as shown in FIG. 29. Non-glycosylated GM-CSF was not detected.

LC-ESI-TOF

The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system used in this study consisted of an Agilent 1200 equipped with autoinjector, a column-heating compartment and a UV detector detecting at 210 and 280 nm. All LC-MS experiments performed with this system were running at 1 ml/min. The flow rate was not split for MS detection. Mass spectrometric analysis was carried out in positive ion mode on Accurate-Mass Q-TOF LC/MS 6520 (Agilent technology). The temperature of dual ESI source was set at 350° C. The nitrogen gas flow rates were set at 13 l/h for the cone and 350 l/h and nebulizer was set at 45 psig with 4500 volt applied to the capillary. Reference mass of 922.009 was prepared from HP-0921 according to API-TOF reference mass solution kit for mass calibration and the protein mass measurements. The data for ion spectrum range from 300-3000 m/z were acquired and processed using Agilent Masshunter.

Sample Preparation

An intact antibody sample (50 ug) was prepared 50 ul 25 mM NH₄HCO₃, pH 7.8. For deglycosylated antibody, a 50 ul aliquot of intact antibody sample was treated with PNGase F (10 units) for 18 hr at 37 C. Reduced antibody was prepared by adding 1 M DTT to a final concentration of 10 mM to an aliquot of either intact antibody or deglycosylated antibody and incubated for 30 min at 37 C.

Three microgram of intact or deglycosylated antibody sample was loaded onto a Poroshell 300SB-C3 column (2.1 mm×75 mm, 5 μm) (Agilent Technologies) maintained at 70° C. The protein was first rinsed on the cartridge for 1 min with 90% solvent A (0.1% HCOOH), 5% solvent B (90% Acetonitrile in 0.1% HCOOH). Elution was then performed using an gradient of 5-100% of B over 26 min followed by a 3 min regeneration at 100% B and by a final equilibration period of 10 min at 5% B.

For reduced antibody, three microgram sample was loaded a Poroshell 300SB-C3 column (2.1 mm×75 mm, 5 μm) (Agilent Technologies) maintained at 40° C. The protein was first rinsed on the cartridge for 3 min with 90% solvent A, 5% solvent B. Elution was then performed using an gradient of 5-80% of B over 20 min followed by a 7 min regeneration at 80% B and by a final equilibration period of 10 min at 5% B.

Sequences

Sequences that were used to produce some of the strains disclosed in Examples 1-4 are provided in Table 12.

TABLE 12 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES SEQ ID NO: Description Sequence 1 PCR primer CTGAGGAGTCAGATATCAGCTCAATCTCCAT PpURA6out/UP 2 PCR primer TCCGGCTCGTATGTTGTGTGGAATTGT Puc19/LP 3 PCR primer CTGGATGTTTGATGGGTTCAGTTTCAGCTGGA PpURA6out/LP 4 PCR primer GGCAATAGTCGCGAGAATCCTTAAACCAT ScARR3/UP 5 PCR primer CCTCGTAAAGATCTGCGGTTTGCAAAGT PpTRP1- 5′out/UP 6 PCR primer CCTCCCACTGGAACCGATGATATGGAA PpALG3TT/LP 7 PCR primer GATGCGAAGTTAAGTGCGCAGAAAGTAATATCA PpTEFTT/UP 8 PCR primer CGTGTGTACCTTGAAACGTCAATGATACTTTGA PpTRP- 3′1out/LP 9 PCR primer CAGACTAAGACTGCTTCTCCACCTGCTAAG LmSTT3D/iUP 10 PCR primer CAACAGTAGAACCAGAAGCCTCGTAAGTACAG LmSTT3D/iLP 11 Leishmania ATGGGTAAAAGAAAGGGAAACTCCTTGGGAGATTCTG major STT3D GTTCTGCTGCTACTGCTTCCAGAGAGGCTTCTGCTCAA (DNA) GCTGAAGATGCTGCTTCCCAGACTAAGACTGCTTCTCC ACCTGCTAAGGTTATCTTGTTGCCAAAGACTTTGACTG ACGAGAAGGACTTCATCGGTATCTTCCCATTTCCATTC TGGCCAGTTCACTTCGTTTTGACTGTTGTTGCTTTGTTC GTTTTGGCTGCTTCCTGTTTCCAGGCTTTCACTGTTAGA ATGATCTCCGTTCAAATCTACGGTTACTTGATCCACGA ATTTGACCCATGGTTCAACTACAGAGCTGCTGAGTAC ATGTCTACTCACGGATGGAGTGCTTTTTTCTCCTGGTT CGATTACATGTCCTGGTATCCATTGGGTAGACCAGTTG GTTCTACTACTTACCCAGGATTGCAGTTGACTGCTGTT GCTATCCATAGAGCTTTGGCTGCTGCTGGAATGCCAAT GTCCTTGAACAATGTTTGTGTTTTGATGCCAGCTTGGT TTGGTGCTATCGCTACTGCTACTTTGGCTTTCTGTACTT ACGAGGCTTCTGGTTCTACTGTTGCTGCTGCTGCAGCT GCTTTGTCCTTCTCCATTATCCCTGCTCACTTGATGAG ATCCATGGCTGGTGAGTTCGACAACGAGTGTATTGCT GTTGCTGCTATGTTGTTGACTTTCTACTGTTGGGTTCGT TCCTTGAGAACTAGATCCTCCTGGCCAATCGGTGTTTT GACAGGTGTTGCTTACGGTTACATGGCTGCTGCTTGGG GAGGTTACATCTTCGTTTTGAACATGGTTGCTATGCAC GCTGGTATCTCTTCTATGGTTGACTGGGCTAGAAACAC TTACAACCCATCCTTGTTGAGAGCTTACACTTTGTTCT ACGTTGTTGGTACTGCTATCGCTGTTTGTGTTCCACCA GTTGGAATGTCTCCATTCAAGTCCTTGGAGCAGTTGGG AGCTTTGTTGGTTTTGGTTTTCTTGTGTGGATTGCAAGT TTGTGAGGTTTTGAGAGCTAGAGCTGGTGTTGAAGTTA GATCCAGAGCTAATTTCAAGATCAGAGTTAGAGTTTTC TCCGTTATGGCTGGTGTTGCTGCTTTGGCTATCTCTGTT TTGGCTCCAACTGGTTACTTTGGTCCATTGTCTGTTAG AGTTAGAGCTTTGTTTGTTGAGCACACTAGAACTGGTA ACCCATTGGTTGACTCCGTTGCTGAACATCAACCAGCT TCTCCAGAGGCTATGTGGGCTTTCTTGCATGTTTGTGG TGTTACTTGGGGATTGGGTTCCATTGTTTTGGCTGTTTC CACTTTCGTTCACTACTCCCCATCTAAGGTTTTCTGGTT GTTGAACTCCGGTGCTGTTTACTACTTCTCCACTAGAA TGGCTAGATTGTTGTTGTTGTCCGGTCCAGCTGCTTGT TTGTCCACTGGTATCTTCGTTGGTACTATCTTGGAGGC TGCTGTTCAATTGTCTTTCTGGGACTCCGATGCTACTA AGGCTAAGAAGCAGCAAAAGCAGGCTCAAAGACACC AAAGAGGTGCTGGTAAAGGTTCTGGTAGAGATGACGC TAAGAACGCTACTACTGCTAGAGCTTTCTGTGACGTTT TCGCTGGTTCTTCTTTGGCTTGGGGTCACAGAATGGTT TTGTCCATTGCTATGTGGGCTTTGGTTACTACTACTGC TGTTTCCTTCTTCTCCTCCGAATTTGCTTCTCACTCCAC TAAGTTCGCTGAACAATCCTCCAACCCAATGATCGTTT TCGCTGCTGTTGTTCAGAACAGAGCTACTGGAAAGCC AATGAACTTGTTGGTTGACGACTACTTGAAGGCTTACG AGTGGTTGAGAGACTCTACTCCAGAGGACGCTAGAGT TTTGGCTTGGTGGGACTACGGTTACCAAATCACTGGTA TCGGTAACAGAACTTCCTTGGCTGATGGTAACACTTGG AACCACGAGCACATTGCTACTATCGGAAAGATGTTGA CTTCCCCAGTTGTTGAAGCTCACTCCCTTGTTAGACAC ATGGCTGACTACGTTTTGATTTGGGCTGGTCAATCTGG TGACTTGATGAAGTCTCCACACATGGCTAGAATCGGT AACTCTGTTTACCACGACATTTGTCCAGATGACCCATT GTGTCAGCAATTCGGTTTCCACAGAAACGATTACTCCA GACCAACTCCAATGATGAGAGCTTCCTTGTTGTACAAC TTGCACGAGGCTGGAAAAAGAAAGGGTGTTAAGGTTA ACCCATCTTTGTTCCAAGAGGTTTACTCCTCCAAGTAC GGACTTGTTAGAATCTTCAAGGTTATGAACGTTTCCGC TGAGTCTAAGAAGTGGGTTGCAGACCCAGCTAACAGA GTTTGTCACCCACCTGGTTCTTGGATTTGTCCTGGTCA ATACCCACCTGCTAAAGAAATCCAAGAGATGTTGGCT CACAGAGTTCCATTCGACCAGGTTACAAACGCTGACA GAAAGAACAATGTTGGTTCCTACCAAGAGGAATACAT GAGAAGAATGAGAGAGTCCGAGAACAGAAGATAATA G 12 Leishmania MGKRKGNSLGDSGSAATASREASAQAEDAASQTKTASP major STT3D PAKVILLPKTLTDEKDFIGIFPFPFWPVHFVLTVVALFVLA (protein) ASCFQAFTVRMISVQIYGYLIHEFDPWFNYRAAEYMSTH GWSAFFSWFDYMSWYPLGRPVGSTTYPGLQLTAVAIHR ALAAAGMPMSLNNVCVLMPAWFGAIATATLAFCTYEAS GSTVAAAAAALSFSIIPAHLMRSMAGEFDNECIAVAAML LTFYCWVRSLRTRSSWPIGVLTGVAYGYMAAAWGGYIF VLNMVAMHAGISSMVDWARNTYNPSLLRAYTLFYVVG TAIAVCVPPVGMSPFKSLEQLGALLVLVFLCGLQVCEVL RARAGVEVRSRANFKIRVRVFSVMAGVAALAISVLAPTG YFGPLSVRVRALFVEHTRTGNPLVDSVAEHQPASPEAM WAFLHVCGVTWGLGSIVLAVSTFVHYSPSKVFWLLNSG AVYYFSTRMARLLLLSGPAACLSTGIFVGTILEAAVQLSF WDSDATKAKKQQKQAQRHQRGAGKGSGRDDAKNATT ARAFCDVFAGSSLAWGHRMVLSIAMWALVTTTAVSFFS SEFASHSTKFAEQSSNPMIVFAAVVQNRATGKPMNLLVD DYLKAYEWLRDSTPEDARVLAWWDYGYQITGIGNRTSL ADGNTWNHEHIATIGKMLTSPVVEAHSLVRHMADYVLI WAGQSGDLMKSPHMARIGNSVYHDICPDDPLCQQFGFH RNDYSRPTPMMRASLLYNLHEAGKRKGVKVNPSLFQEV YSSKYGLVRIFKVMNVSAESKKWVADPANRVCHPPGSW ICPGQYPPAKEIQEMLAHRVPFDQVTNADRKNNVGSYQ EEYMRRMRESENRR 13 Saccharomyces ATGAGATTCCCATCCATCTTCACTGCTGTTTTGTTCGCT cerevisiae GCTTCTTCTGCTTTGGCT mating factor pre-signal peptide (DNA) 14 Saccharomyces MRFPSIFTAVLFAASSALA cerevisiae mating factor pre-signal peptide (protein) 15 Anti-Her2 GAGGTTCAGTTGGTTGAATCTGGAGGAGGATTGGTTC Heavy chain AACCTGGTGGTTCTTTGAGATTGTCCTGTGCTGCTTCC (VH + IgG1 GGTTTCAACATCAAGGACACTTACATCCACTGGGTTA constant region) GACAAGCTCCAGGAAAGGGATTGGAGTGGGTTGCTAG (DNA) AATCTACCCAACTAACGGTTACACAAGATACGCTGAC TCCGTTAAGGGAAGATTCACTATCTCTGCTGACACTTC CAAGAACACTGCTTACTTGCAGATGAACTCCTTGAGA GCTGAGGATACTGCTGTTTACTACTGTTCCAGATGGGG TGGTGATGGTTTCTACGCTATGGACTACTGGGGTCAAG GAACTTTGGTTACTGTTTCCTCCGCTTCTACTAAGGGA CCATCTGTTTTCCCATTGGCTCCATCTTCTAAGTCTACT TCCGGTGGTACTGCTGCTTTGGGATGTTTGGTTAAAGA CTACTTCCCAGAGCCAGTTACTGTTTCTTGGAACTCCG GTGCTTTGACTTCTGGTGTTCACACTTTCCCAGCTGTTT TGCAATCTTCCGGTTTGTACTCTTTGTCCTCCGTTGTTA CTGTTCCATCCTCTTCCTTGGGTACTCAGACTTACATCT GTAACGTTAACCACAAGCCATCCAACACTAAGGTTGA CAAGAAGGTTGAGCCAAAGTCCTGTGACAAGACACAT ACTTGTCCACCATGTCCAGCTCCAGAATTGTTGGGTGG TCCATCCGTTTTCTTGTTCCCACCAAAGCCAAAGGACA CTTTGATGATCTCCAGAACTCCAGAGGTTACATGTGTT GTTGTTGACGTTTCTCACGAGGACCCAGAGGTTAAGTT CAACTGGTACGTTGACGGTGTTGAAGTTCACAACGCT AAGACTAAGCCAAGAGAAGAGCAGTACAACTCCACTT ACAGAGTTGTTTCCGTTTTGACTGTTTTGCACCAGGAC TGGTTGAACGGTAAAGAATACAAGTGTAAGGTTTCCA ACAAGGCTTTGCCAGCTCCAATCGAAAAGACTATCTC CAAGGCTAAGGGTCAACCAAGAGAGCCACAGGTTTAC ACTTTGCCACCATCCAGAGAAGAGATGACTAAGAACC AGGTTTCCTTGACTTGTTTGGTTAAAGGATTCTACCCA TCCGACATTGCTGTTGAGTGGGAATCTAACGGTCAAC CAGAGAACAACTACAAGACTACTCCACCAGTTTTGGA TTCTGATGGTTCCTTCTTCTTGTACTCCAAGTTGACTGT TGACAAGTCCAGATGGCAACAGGGTAACGTTTTCTCC TGTTCCGTTATGCATGAGGCTTTGCACAACCACTACAC TCAAAAGTCCTTGTCTTTGTCCCCTGGTTAA 16 Anti-Her2 EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFNIKDTYIHWVRQ Heavy chain APGKGLEWVARIYPTNGYTRYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNT (VH + IgG1 AYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCSRWGGDGFYAMDYWGQGT constant region) LVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFP (protein) EPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSS SLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCP APELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHED PEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLT VLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREP QVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNG QPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFS CSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPG 17 Anti-Her2 light GACATCCAAATGACTCAATCCCCATCTTCTTTGTCTGC chain (VL + TTCCGTTGGTGACAGAGTTACTATCACTTGTAGAGCTT Kappa constant CCCAGGACGTTAATACTGCTGTTGCTTGGTATCAACAG region) (DNA) AAGCCAGGAAAGGCTCCAAAGTTGTTGATCTACTCCG CTTCCTTCTTGTACTCTGGTGTTCCATCCAGATTCTCTG GTTCCAGATCCGGTACTGACTTCACTTTGACTATCTCC TCCTTGCAACCAGAAGATTTCGCTACTTACTACTGTCA GCAGCACTACACTACTCCACCAACTTTCGGACAGGGT ACTAAGGTTGAGATCAAGAGAACTGTTGCTGCTCCAT CCGTTTTCATTTTCCCACCATCCGACGAACAGTTGAAG TCTGGTACAGCTTCCGTTGTTTGTTTGTTGAACAACTT CTACCCAAGAGAGGCTAAGGTTCAGTGGAAGGTTGAC AACGCTTTGCAATCCGGTAACTCCCAAGAATCCGTTAC TGAGCAAGACTCTAAGGACTCCACTTACTCCTTGTCCT CCACTTTGACTTTGTCCAAGGCTGATTACGAGAAGCAC AAGGTTTACGCTTGTGAGGTTACACATCAGGGTTTGTC CTCCCCAGTTACTAAGTCCTTCAACAGAGGAGAGTGTT AA 18 Anti-Her2 light DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQDVNTAVAWYQQ chain (VL + KPGKAPKLLIYSASFLYSGVPSRFSGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQ Kappa constant PEDFATYYCQQHYTTPPTFGQGTKVEIKRTVAAPSVFIFP region) PSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSG NSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEV THQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC 19 Anti-RSV CAGGTTACATTGAGAGAATCCGGTCCAGCTTTGGTTA Heavy chain AGCCAACTCAGACTTTGACTTTGACTTGTACTTTCTCC (VH + IgG1 GGTTTCTCCTTGTCTACTTCCGGAATGTCTGTTGGATG constant region) GATCAGACAACCACCTGGAAAGGCTTTGGAATGGCTT (DNA) GCTGACATTTGGTGGGATGACAAGAAGGACTACAACC CATCCTTGAAGTCCAGATTGACTATCTCCAAGGACACT TCCAAGAATCAAGTTGTTTTGAAGGTTACAAACATGG ACCCAGCTGACACTGCTACTTACTACTGTGCTAGATCC ATGATCACTAACTGGTACTTCGATGTTTGGGGTGCTGG TACTACTGTTACTGTCTCGAGTGCTTCTACTAAGGGAC CATCCGTTTTTCCATTGGCTCCATCCTCTAAGTCTACTT CCGGTGGAACCGCTGCTTTGGGATGTTTGGTTAAAGA CTACTTCCCAGAGCCAGTTACTGTTTCTTGGAACTCCG GTGCTTTGACTTCTGGTGTTCACACTTTCCCAGCTGTTT TGCAATCTTCCGGTTTGTACTCTTTGTCCTCCGTTGTTA CTGTTCCATCCTCTTCCTTGGGTACTCAGACTTACATCT GTAACGTTAACCACAAGCCATCCAACACTAAGGTTGA CAAGAGAGTTGAGCCAAAGTCCTGTGACAAGACACAT ACTTGTCCACCATGTCCAGCTCCAGAATTGTTGGGTGG TCCATCCGTTTTCTTGTTCCCACCAAAGCCAAAGGACA CTTTGATGATCTCCAGAACTCCAGAGGTTACATGTGTT GTTGTTGACGTTTCTCACGAGGACCCAGAGGTTAAGTT CAACTGGTACGTTGACGGTGTTGAAGTTCACAACGCT AAGACTAAGCCAAGAGAAGAGCAGTACAACTCCACTT ACAGAGTTGTTTCCGTTTTGACTGTTTTGCACCAGGAC TGGTTGAACGGTAAAGAATACAAGTGTAAGGTTTCCA ACAAGGCTTTGCCAGCTCCAATCGAAAAGACTATCTC CAAGGCTAAGGGTCAACCAAGAGAGCCACAGGTTTAC ACTTTGCCACCATCCAGAGAAGAGATGACTAAGAACC AGGTTTCCTTGACTTGTTTGGTTAAAGGATTCTACCCA TCCGACATTGCTGTTGAGTGGGAATCTAACGGTCAAC CAGAGAACAACTACAAGACTACTCCACCAGTTTTGGA TTCTGATGGTTCCTTCTTCTTGTACTCCAAGTTGACTGT TGACAAGTCCAGATGGCAACAGGGTAACGTTTTCTCC TGTTCCGTTATGCATGAGGCTTTGCACAACCACTACAC TCAAAAGTCCTTGTCTTTGTCCCCTGGTTAA 20 Anti-RSV QVTLRESGPALVKPTQTLTLTCTFSGFSLSTSGMSVGWIR Heavy chain QPPGKALEWLADIWWDDKKDYNPSLKSRLTISKDTSKN (VH + IgG1 QVVLKVTNMDPADTATYYCARSMITNWYFDVWGAGTT constant region) VTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPE (protein) PVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSS LGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKRVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPA PELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDP EVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTV LHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQ VYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQ PENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSC SVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPG 21 Anti-RSV light ATGAGATTCCCATCCATCTTCACTGCTGTTTTGTTCGCT chain (VL + GCTTCTTCTGCTTTGGCTGACATTCAGATGACACAGTC Kappa constant CCCATCTACTTTGTCTGCTTCCGTTGGTGACAGAGTTA region (DNA) CTATCACTTGTAAGTGTCAGTTGTCCGTTGGTTACATG CACTGGTATCAGCAAAAGCCAGGAAAGGCTCCAAAGT TGTTGATCTACGACACTTCCAAGTTGGCTTCCGGTGTT CCATCTAGATTCTCTGGTTCCGGTTCTGGTACTGAGTT CACTTTGACTATCTCTTCCTTGCAACCAGATGACTTCG CTACTTACTACTGTTTCCAGGGTTCTGGTTACCCATTC ACTTTCGGTGGTGGTACTAAGTTGGAGATCAAGAGAA CTGTTGCTGCTCCATCCGTTTTCATTTTCCCACCATCCG ACGAACAATTGAAGTCCGGTACCGCTTCCGTTGTTTGT TTGTTGAACAACTTCTACCCACGTGAGGCTAAGGTTCA GTGGAAGGTTGACAACGCTTTGCAATCCGGTAACTCC CAAGAATCCGTTACTGAGCAGGATTCTAAGGATTCCA CTTACTCATTGTCCTCCACTTTGACTTTGTCCAAGGCT GATTACGAGAAGCACAAGGTTTACGCTTGCGAGGTTA CACATCAGGGTTTGTCCTCCCCAGTTACTAAGTCCTTC AACAGAGGAGAGTGTTAA 22 Anti-RSV light DIQMTQSPSTLSASVGDRVTITCKCQLSVGYMHWYQQK chain (VL + PGKAPKLLIYDTSKLASGVPSRFSGSGSGTEFTLTISSLQP Kappa constant DDFATYYCFQGSGYPFTFGGGTKLEIKRTVAAPSVFIFPP region) (protein) SDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGN SQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVT HQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC 23 Pp AOX1 AACATCCAAAGACGAAAGGTTGAATGAAACCTTTTTG promoter CCATCCGACATCCACAGGTCCATTCTCACACATAAGTG CCAAACGCAACAGGAGGGGATACACTAGCAGCAGAC CGTTGCAAACGCAGGACCTCCACTCCTCTTCTCCTCAA CACCCACTTTTGCCATCGAAAAACCAGCCCAGTTATTG GGCTTGATTGGAGCTCGCTCATTCCAATTCCTTCTATT AGGCTACTAACACCATGACTTTATTAGCCTGTCTATCC TGGCCCCCCTGGCGAGGTTCATGTTTGTTTATTTCCGA ATGCAACAAGCTCCGCATTACACCCGAACATCACTCC AGATGAGGGCTTTCTGAGTGTGGGGTCAAATAGTTTC ATGTTCCCCAAATGGCCCAAAACTGACAGTTTAAACG CTGTCTTGGAACCTAATATGACAAAAGCGTGATCTCAT CCAAGATGAACTAAGTTTGGTTCGTTGAAATGCTAAC GGCCAGTTGGTCAAAAAGAAACTTCCAAAAGTCGGCA TACCGTTTGTCTTGTTTGGTATTGATTGACGAATGCTC AAAAATAATCTCATTAATGCTTAGCGCAGTCTCTCTAT CGCTTCTGAACCCCGGTGCACCTGTGCCGAAACGCAA ATGGGGAAACACCCGCTTTTTGGATGATTATGCATTGT CTCCACATTGTATGCTTCCAAGATTCTGGTGGGAATAC TGCTGATAGCCTAACGTTCATGATCAAAATTTAACTGT TCTAACCCCTACTTGACAGCAATATATAAACAGAAGG AAGCTGCCCTGTCTTAAACCTTTTTTTTTATCATCATTA TTAGCTTACTTTCATAATTGCGACTGGTTCCAATTGAC AAGCTTTTGATTTTAACGACTTTTAACGACAACTTGAG AAGATCAAAAAACAACTAATTATTCGAAACG 24 ScCYC TT ACAGGCCCCTTTTCCTTTGTCGATATCATGTAATTAGT TATGTCACGCTTACATTCACGCCCTCCTCCCACATCCG CTCTAACCGAAAAGGAAGGAGTTAGACAACCTGAAGT CTAGGTCCCTATTTATTTTTTTTAATAGTTATGTTAGTA TTAAGAACGTTATTTATATTTCAAATTTTTCTTTTTTTT CTGTACAAACGCGTGTACGCATGTAACATTATACTGA AAACCTTGCTTGAGAAGGTTTTGGGACGCTCGAAGGC TTTAATTTGCAAGCTGCCGGCTCTTAAG 25 PpRPL10 GTTCTTCGCTTGGTCTTGTATCTCCTTACACTGTATCTTCCC promoter ATTTGCGTTTAGGTGGTTATCAAAAACTAAAAGGAAAAATT TCAGATGTTTATCTCTAAGGTTTTTTCTTTTTACAGTATAAC ACGTGATGCGTCACGTGGTACTAGATTACGTAAGTTATTTT GGTCCGGTGGGTAAGTGGGTAAGAATAGAAAGCATGAAGG TTTACAAAAACGCAGTCACGAATTATTGCTACTTCGAGCTT GGAACCACCCCAAAGATTATATTGTACTGATGCACTACCTT CTCGATTTTGCTCCTCCAAGAACCTACGAAAAACATTTCTT GAGCCTTTTCAACCTAGACTACACATCAAGTTATTTAAGGT ATGTTCCGTTAACATGTAAGAAAAGGAGAGGATAGATCGT TTATGGGGTACGTCGCCTGATTCAAGCGTGACCATTCGAAG AATAGGCCTTCGAAAGCTGAATAAAGCAAATGTCAGTTGC GATTGGTATGCTGACAAATTAGCATAAAAAGCAATAGACTT TCTAACCACCTGTTTTTTTCCTTTTACTTTATTTATATTTTGC CACCGTACTAACAAGTTCAGACAAA 26 PpGAPDH TTTTTGTAGAAATGTCTTGGTGTCCTCGTCCAATCAGG promoter TAGCCATCTCTGAAATATCTGGCTCCGTTGCAACTCCG AACGACCTGCTGGCAACGTAAAATTCTCCGGGGTAAA ACTTAAATGTGGAGTAATGGAACCAGAAACGTCTCTT CCCTTCTCTCTCCTTCCACCGCCCGTTACCGTCCCTAG GAAATTTTACTCTGCTGGAGAGCTTCTTCTACGGCCCC CTTGCAGCAATGCTCTTCCCAGCATTACGTTGCGGGTA AAACGGAGGTCGTGTACCCGACCTAGCAGCCCAGGGA TGGAAAAGTCCCGGCCGTCGCTGGCAATAATAGCGGG CGGACGCATGTCATGAGATTATTGGAAACCACCAGAA TCGAATATAAAAGGCGAACACCTTTCCCAATTTTGGTT TCTCCTGACCCAAAGACTTTAAATTTAATTTATTTGTC CCTATTTCAATCAATTGAACAACTATCAAAACACA 27 PpTEF1 TTAAGGTTTGGAACAACACTAAACTACCTTGCGGTACT promoter ACCATTGACACTACACATCCTTAATTCCAATCCTGTCT GGCCTCCTTCACCTTTTAACCATCTTGCCCATTCCAAC TCGTGTCAGATTGCGTATCAAGTGAAAAAAAAAAAAT TTTAAATCTTTAACCCAATCAGGTAATAACTGTCGCCT CTTTTATCTGCCGCACTGCATGAGGTGTCCCCTTAGTG GGAAAGAGTACTGAGCCAACCCTGGAGGACAGCAAG GGAAAAATACCTACAACTTGCTTCATAATGGTCGTAA AAACAATCCTTGTCGGATATAAGTGTTGTAGACTGTCC CTTATCCTCTGCGATGTTCTTCCTCTCAAAGTTTGCGAT TTCTCTCTATCAGAATTGCCATCAAGAGACTCAGGACT AATTTCGCAGTCCCACACGCACTCGTACATGATTGGCT GAAATTTCCCTAAAGAATTTCTTTTTCACGAAAATTTT TTTTTTACACAAGATTTTCAGCAGATATAAAATGGAGA GCAGGACCTCCGCTGTGACTCTTCTTTTTTTTCTTTTAT TCTCACTACATACATTTTAGTTATTCGCCAAC 28 PpTEF1 TT ATTGCTTGAAGCTTTAATTTATTTTATTAACATAATAA TAATACAAGCATGATATATTTGTATTTTGTTCGTTAAC ATTGATGTTTTCTTCATTTACTGTTATTGTTTGTAACTT TGATCGATTTATCTTTTCTACTTTACTGTAATATGGCTG GCGGGTGAGCCTTGAACTCCCTGTATTACTTTACCTTG CTATTACTTAATCTATTGACTAGCAGCGACCTCTTCAA CCGAAGGGCAAGTACACAGCAAGTTCATGTCTCCGTA AGTGTCATCAACCCTGGAAACAGTGGGCCATGTC 29 PpALG3 TT ATTTACAATTAGTAATATTAAGGTGGTAAAAACATTC GTAGAATTGAAATGAATTAATATAGTATGACAATGGT TCATGTCTATAAATCTCCGGCTTCGGTACCTTCTCCCC AATTGAATACATTGTCAAAATGAATGGTTGAACTATT AGGTTCGCCAGTTTCGTTATTAAGAAAACTGTTAAAAT CAAATTCCATATCATCGGTTCCAGTGGGAGGACCAGT TCCATCGCCAAAATCCTGTAAGAATCCATTGTCAGAA CCTGTAAAGTCAGTTTGAGATGAAATTTTTCCGGTCTT TGTTGACTTGGAAGCTTCGTTAAGGTTAGGTGAAACA GTTTGATCAACCAGCGGCTCCCGTTTTCGTCGCTTAGT AG 30 PpTRP1 5′ GCGGAAACGGCAGTAAACAATGGAGCTTCATTAGTGGGTG region and ORF TTATTATGGTCCCTGGCCGGGAACGAACGGTGAAACAAGA GGTTGCGAGGGAAATTTCGCAGATGGTGCGGGAAAAGAGA ATTTCAAAGGGCTCAAAATACTTGGATTCCAGACAACTGAG GAAAGAGTGGGACGACTGTCCTCTGGAAGACTGGTTTGAG TACAACGTGAAAGAAATAAACAGCAGTGGTCCATTTTTAGT TGGAGTTTTTCGTAATCAAAGTATAGATGAAATCCAGCAAG CTATCCACACTCATGGTTTGGATTTCGTCCAACTACATGGG TCTGAGGATTTTGATTCGTATATACGCAATATCCCAGTTCCT GTGATTACCAGATACACAGATAATGCCGTCGATGGTCTTAC CGGAGAAGACCTCGCTATAAATAGGGCCCTGGTGCTACTG GACAGCGAGCAAGGAGGTGAAGGAAAAACCATCGATTGGG CTCGTGCACAAAAATTTGGAGAACGTAGAGGAAAATATTT ACTAGCCGGAGGTTTGACACCTGATAATGTTGCTCATGCTC GATCTCATACTGGCTGTATTGGTGTTGACGTCTCTGGTGGG GTAGAAACAAATGCCTCAAAAGATATGGACAAGATCACAC AATTTATCAGAAACGCTACATAA 31 PpTRP1 3′ AAGTCAATTAAATACACGCTTGAAAGGACATTACATAGCTT region TCGATTTAAGCAGAACCAGAAATGTAGAACCACTTGTCAAT AGATTGGTCAATCTTAGCAGGAGCGGCTGGGCTAGCAGTTG GAACAGCAGAGGTTGCTGAAGGTGAGAAGGATGGAGTGGA TTGCAAAGTGGTGTTGGTTAAGTCAATCTCACCAGGGCTGG TTTTGCCAAAAATCAACTTCTCCCAGGCTTCACGGCATTCTT GAATGACCTCTTCTGCATACTTCTTGTTCTTGCATTCACCAG AGAAAGCAAACTGGTTCTCAGGTTTTCCATCAGGGATCTTG TAAATTCTGAACCATTCGTTGGTAGCTCTCAACAAGCCCGG CATGTGCTTTTCAACATCCTCGATGTCATTGAGCTTAGGAG CCAATGGGTCGTTGATGTCGATGACGATGACCTTCCAGTCA GTCTCTCCCTCATCCAACAAAGCCATAACACCGAGGACCTT GACTTGCTTGACCTGTCCAGTGTAACCTACGGCTTCACCAA TTTCGCAAACGTCCAATGGATCATTGTCACCCTTGGCCTTG GTCTCTGGATGAGTGACGTTAGGGTCTTCCCATGTCTGAGG GAAGGCACCGTAGTTGTGAATGTATCCGTGGTGAGGGAAA CAGTTACGAACGAAACGAAGTTTTCCCTTCTTTGTGTCCTG AAGAATTGGGTTCAGTTTCTCCTCCTTGGAAATCTCCAACTT GGCGTTGGTCCAACGGGGGACTTCAACAACCATGTTGAGA ACCTTCTTGGATTCGTCAGCATAAAGTGGGATGTCGTGGAA AGGAGATACGACTT 32 ScARR3 ORF ATGTCAGAAGATCAAAAAAGTGAAAATTCCGTACCTTCTAA GGTTAATATGGTGAATCGCACCGATATACTGACTACGATCA AGTCATTGTCATGGCTTGACTTGATGTTGCCATTTACTATAA TTCTCTCCATAATCATTGCAGTAATAATTTCTGTCTATGTGC CTTCTTCCCGTCACACTTTTGACGCTGAAGGTCATCCCAATC TAATGGGAGTGTCCATTCCTTTGACTGTTGGTATGATTGTA ATGATGATTCCCCCGATCTGCAAAGTTTCCTGGGAGTCTAT TCACAAGTACTTCTACAGGAGCTATATAAGGAAGCAACTA GCCCTCTCGTTATTTTTGAATTGGGTCATCGGTCCTTTGTTG ATGACAGCATTGGCGTGGATGGCGCTATTCGATTATAAGGA ATACCGTCAAGGCATTATTATGATCGGAGTAGCTAGATGCA TTGCCATGGTGCTAATTTGGAATCAGATTGCTGGAGGAGAC AATGATCTCTGCGTCGTGCTTGTTATTACAAACTCGCTTTTA CAGATGGTATTATATGCACCATTGCAGATATTTTACTGTTAT GTTATTTCTCATGACCACCTGAATACTTCAAATAGGGTATT ATTCGAAGAGGTTGCAAAGTCTGTCGGAGTTTTTCTCGGCA TACCACTGGGAATTGGCATTATCATACGTTTGGGAAGTCTT ACCATAGCTGGTAAAAGTAATTATGAAAAATACATTTTGAG ATTTATTTCTCCATGGGCAATGATCGGATTTCATTACACTTT ATTTGTTATTTTTATTAGTAGAGGTTATCAATTTATCCACGA AATTGGTTCTGCAATATTGTGCTTTGTCCCATTGGTGCTTTA CTTCTTTATTGCATGGTTTTTGACCTTCGCATTAATGAGGTA CTTATCAATATCTAGGAGTGATACACAAAGAGAATGTAGCT GTGACCAAGAACTACTTTTAAAGAGGGTCTGGGGAAGAAA GTCTTGTGAAGCTAGCTTTTCTATTACGATGACGCAATGTTT CACTATGGCTTCAAATAATTTTGAACTATCCCTGGCAATTG CTATTTCCTTATATGGTAACAATAGCAAGCAAGCAATAGCT GCAACATTTGGGCCGTTGCTAGAAGTTCCAATTTTATTGAT TTTGGCAATAGTCGCGAGAATCCTTAAACCATATTATATAT GGAACAATAGAAATTAA 33 URA6 region CAAATGCAAGAGGACATTAGAAATGTGTTTGGTAAGAACA TGAAGCCGGAGGCATACAAACGATTCACAGATTTGAAGGA GGAAAACAAACTGCATCCACCGGAAGTGCCAGCAGCCGTG TATGCCAACCTTGCTCTCAAAGGCATTCCTACGGATCTGAG TGGGAAATATCTGAGATTCACAGACCCACTATTGGAACAGT ACCAAACCTAGTTTGGCCGATCCATGATTATGTAATGCATA TAGTTTTTGTCGATGCTCACCCGTTTCGAGTCTGTCTCGTAT CGTCTTACGTATAAGTTCAAGCATGTTTACCAGGTCTGTTA GAAACTCCTTTGTGAGGGCAGGACCTATTCGTCTCGGTCCC GTTGTTTCTAAGAGACTGTACAGCCAAGCGCAGAATGGTGG CATTAACCATAAGAGGATTCTGATCGGACTTGGTCTATTGG CTATTGGAACCACCCTTTACGGGACAACCAACCCTACCAAG ACTCCTATTGCATTTGTGGAACCAGCCACGGAAAGAGCGTT TAAGGACGGAGACGTCTCTGTGATTTTTGTTCTCGGAGGTC CAGGAGCTGGAAAAGGTACCCAATGTGCCAAACTAGTGAG TAATTACGGATTTGTTCACCTGTCAGCTGGAGACTTGTTAC GTGCAGAACAGAAGAGGGAGGGGTCTAAGTATGGAGAGAT GATTTCCCAGTATATCAGAGATGGACTGATAGTACCTCAAG AGGTCACCATTGCGCTCTTGGAGCAGGCCATGAAGGAAAA CTTCGAGAAAGGGAAGACACGGTTCTTGATTGATGGATTCC CTCGTAAGATGGACCAGGCCAAAACTTTTGAGGAAAAAGT CGCAAAGTCCAAGGTGACACTTTTCTTTGATTGTCCCGAAT CAGTGCTCCTTGAGAGATTACTTAAAAGAGGACAGACAAG CGGAAGAGAGGATGATAATGCGGAGAGTATCAAAAAAAG ATTCAAAACATTCGTGGAAACTTCGATGCCTGTGGTGGACT ATTTCGGGAAGCAAGGACGCGTTTTGAAGGTATCTTGTGAC CACCCTGTGGATCAAGTGTATTCACAGGTTGTGTCGGTGCT AAAAGAGAAGGGGATCTTTGCCGATAACGAGACGGAGAAT AAATAA 34 NatR ORF ATGGGTACCACTCTTGACGACACGGCTTACCGGTACC GCACCAGTGTCCCGGGGGACGCCGAGGCCATCGAGGC ACTGGATGGGTCCTTCACCACCGACACCGTCTTCCGCG TCACCGCCACCGGGGACGGCTTCACCCTGCGGGAGGT GCCGGTGGACCCGCCCCTGACCAAGGTGTTCCCCGAC GACGAATCGGACGACGAATCGGACGACGGGGAGGAC GGCGACCCGGACTCCCGGACGTTCGTCGCGTACGGGG ACGACGGCGACCTGGCGGGCTTCGTGGTCGTCTCGTA CTCCGGCTGGAACCGCCGGCTGACCGTCGAGGACATC GAGGTCGCCCCGGAGCACCGGGGGCACGGGGTCGGG CGCGCGTTGATGGGGCTCGCGACGGAGTTCGCCCGCG AGCGGGGCGCCGGGCACCTCTGGCTGGAGGTCACCAA CGTCAACGCACCGGCGATCCACGCGTACCGGCGGATG GGGTTCACCCTCTGCGGCCTGGACACCGCCCTGTACG ACGGCACCGCCTCGGACGGCGAGCAGGCGCTCTACAT GAGCATGCCCTGCCCCTAATCAGTACTG 35 Sequence of the ATGGCCAAGTTGACCAGTGCCGTTCCGGTGCTCACCG Sh ble ORF CGCGCGACGTCGCCGGAGCGGTCGAGTTCTGGACCGA (Zeocin CCGGCTCGGGTTCTCCCGGGACTTCGTGGAGGACGAC resistance TTCGCCGGTGTGGTCCGGGACGACGTGACCCTGTTCAT marker): CAGCGCGGTCCAGGACCAGGTGGTGCCGGACAACACC CTGGCCTGGGTGTGGGTGCGCGGCCTGGACGAGCTGT ACGCCGAGTGGTCGGAGGTCGTGTCCACGAACTTCCG GGACGCCTCCGGGCCGGCCATGACCGAGATCGGCGAG CAGCCGTGGGGGCGGGAGTTCGCCCTGCGCGACCCGG CCGGCAACTGCGTGCACTTCGTGGCCGAGGAGCAGGA CTGA 36 PpAOX1 TT TCAAGAGGATGTCAGAATGCCATTTGCCTGAGAGATGCAG GCTTCATTTTGATACTTTTTTATTTGTAACCTATATAGTATA GGATTTTTTTTGTCATTTTGTTTCTTCTCGTACGAGCTTGCTC CTGATCAGCCTATCTCGCAGCTGATGAATATCTTGTGGTAG GGGTTTGGGAAAATCATTCGAGTTTGATGTTTTTCTTGGTAT TTCCCACTCCTCTTCAGAGTACAGAAGATTAAGTGAGACGT TCGTTTGTGCA 37 ScTEF1 GATCCCCCACACACCATAGCTTCAAAATGTTTCTACTC promoter CTTTTTTACTCTTCCAGATTTTCTCGGACTCCGCGCATC GCCGTACCACTTCAAAACACCCAAGCACAGCATACTA AATTTCCCCTCTTTCTTCCTCTAGGGTGTCGTTAATTAC CCGTACTAAAGGTTTGGAAAAGAAAAAAGAGACCGCC TCGTTTCTTTTTCTTCGTCGAAAAAGGCAATAAAAATT TTTATCACGTTTCTTTTTCTTGAAAATTTTTTTTTTTGAT TTTTTTCTCTTTCGATGACCTCCCATTGATATTTAAGTT AATAAACGGTCTTCAATTTCTCAAGTTTCAGTTTCATT TTTCTTGTTCTATTACAACTTTTTTTACTTCTTGCTCATT AGAAAGAAAGCATAGCAATCTAATCTAAGTTTTAATT ACAAA 38 S. cerevisiae AGGCCTCGCAACAACCTATAATTGAGTTAAGTGCCTTT invertase gene CCAAGCTAAAAAGTTTGAGGTTATAGGGGCTTAGCAT (ScSUC2) ORF CCACACGTCACAATCTCGGGTATCGAGTATAGTATGT underlined AGAATTACGGCAGGAGGTTTCCCAATGAACAAAGGAC AGGGGCACGGTGAGCTGTCGAAGGTATCCATTTTATC ATGTTTCGTTTGTACAAGCACGACATACTAAGACATTT ACCGTATGGGAGTTGTTGTCCTAGCGTAGTTCTCGCTC CCCCAGCAAAGCTCAAAAAAGTACGTCATTTAGAATA GTTTGTGAGCAAATTACCAGTCGGTATGCTACGTTAGA AAGGCCCACAGTATTCTTCTACCAAAGGCGTGCCTTTG TTGAACTCGATCCATTATGAGGGCTTCCATTATTCCCC GCATTTTTATTACTCTGAACAGGAATAAAAAGAAAAA ACCCAGTTTAGGAAATTATCCGGGGGCGAAGAAATAC GCGTAGCGTTAATCGACCCCACGTCCAGGGTTTTTCCA TGGAGGTTTCTGGAAAAACTGACGAGGAATGTGATTA TAAATCCCTTTATGTGATGTCTAAGACTTTTAAGGTAC GCCCGATGTTTGCCTATTACCATCATAGAGACGTTTCT TTTCGAGGAATGCTTAAACGACTTTGTTTGACAAAAAT GTTGCCTAAGGGCTCTATAGTAAACCATTTGGAAGAA AGATTTGACGACTTTTTTTTTTTGGATTTCGATCCTATA ATCCTTCCTCCTGAAAAGAAACATATAAATAGATATG TATTATTCTTCAAAACATTCTCTTGTTCTTGTGCTTTTT TTTTACCATATATCTTACTTTTTTTTTTCTCTCAGAGAA ACAAGCAAAACAAAAAGCTTTTCTTTTCACTAACGTAT ATG ATGCTTTTGCAAGCTTTCCTTTTCCTTTTGGCTGGT TTTGCAGCCAAAATATCTGCATCAATGACAAACGAAA CTAGCGATAGACCTTTGGTCCACTTCACACCCAACAA GGGCTGGATGAATGACCCAAATGGGTTGTGGTACGAT GAAAAAGATGCCAAATGGCATCTGTACTTTCAATACA ACCCAAATGACACCGTATGGGGTACGCCATTGTTTTG GGGCCATGCTACTTCCGATGATTTGACTAATTGGGAA GATCAACCCATTGCTATCGCTCCCAAGCGTAACGATTC AGGTGCTTTCTCTGGCTCCATGGTGGTTGATTACAACA ACACGAGTGGGTTTTTCAATGATACTATTGATCCAAGA CAAAGATGCGTTGCGATTTGGACTTATAACACTCCTGA AAGTGAAGAGCAATACATTAGCTATTCTCTTGATGGT GGTTACACTTTTACTGAATACCAAAAGAACCCTGTTTT AGCTGCCAACTCCACTCAATTCAGAGATCCAAAGGTG TTCTGGTATGAACCTTCTCAAAAATGGATTATGACGGC TGCCAAATCACAAGACTACAAAATTGAAATTTACTCC TCTGATGACTTGAAGTCCTGGAAGCTAGAATCTGCATT TGCCAATGAAGGTTTCTTAGGCTACCAATACGAATGTC CAGGTTTGATTGAAGTCCCAACTGAGCAAGATCCTTCC AAATCTTATTGGGTCATGTTTATTTCTATCAACCCAGG TGCACCTGCTGGCGGTTCCTTCAACCAATATTTTGTTG GATCCTTCAATGGTACTCATTTTGAAGCGTTTGACAAT CAATCTAGAGTGGTAGATTTTGGTAAGGACTACTATG CCTTGCAAACTTTCTTCAACACTGACCCAACCTACGGT TCAGCATTAGGTATTGCCTGGGCTTCAAACTGGGAGT ACAGTGCCTTTGTCCCAACTAACCCATGGAGATCATCC ATGTCTTTGGTCCGCAAGTTTTCTTTGAACACTGAATA TCAAGCTAATCCAGAGACTGAATTGATCAATTTGAAA GCCGAACCAATATTGAACATTAGTAATGCTGGTCCCT GGTCTCGTTTTGCTACTAACACAACTCTAACTAAGGCC AATTCTTACAATGTCGATTTGAGCAACTCGACTGGTAC CCTAGAGTTTGAGTTGGTTTACGCTGTTAACACCACAC AAACCATATCCAAATCCGTCTTTGCCGACTTATCACTT TGGTTCAAGGGTTTAGAAGATCCTGAAGAATATTTGA GAATGGGTTTTGAAGTCAGTGCTTCTTCCTTCTTTTTG GACCGTGGTAACTCTAAGGTCAAGTTTGTCAAGGAGA ACCCATATTTCACAAACAGAATGTCTGTCAACAACCA ACCATTCAAGTCTGAGAACGACCTAAGTTACTATAAA GTGTACGGCCTACTGGATCAAAACATCTTGGAATTGT ACTTCAACGATGGAGATGTGGTTTCTACAAATACCTAC TTCATGACCACCGGTAACGCTCTAGGATCTGTGAACAT GACCACTGGTGTCGATAATTTGTTCTACATTGACAAGT TCCAAGTAAGGGAAGTAAAATAG AGGTTATAAAACTT ATTGTCTTTTTTATTTTTTTCAAAAGCCATTCTAAAGGG CTTTAGCTAACGAGTGACGAATGTAAAACTTTATGATT TCAAAGAATACCTCCAAACCATTGAAAATGTATTTTTA TTTTTATTTTCTCCCGACCCCAGTTACCTGGAATTTGTT CTTTATGTACTTTATATAAGTATAATTCTCTTAAAAAT TTTTACTACTTTGCAATAGACATCATTTTTTCACGTAAT AAACCCACAATCGTAATGTAGTTGCCTTACACTACTAG GATGGACCTTTTTGCCTTTATCTGTTTTGTTACTGACAC AATGAAACCGGGTAAAGTATTAGTTATGTGAAAATTT AAAAGCATTAAGTAGAAGTATACCATATTGTAAAAAA AAAAAGCGTTGTCTTCTACGTAAAAGTGTTCTCAAAA AGAAGTAGTGAGGGAAATGGATACCAAGCTATCTGTA ACAGGAGCTAAAAAATCTCAGGGAAAAGCTTCTGGTT TGGGAAACGGTCGAC 39 Sequence of the ATCGGCCTTTGTTGATGCAAGTTTTACGTGGATCATGG 5′-Region used ACTAAGGAGTTTTATTTGGACCAAGTTCATCGTCCTAG for knock out of ACATTACGGAAAGGGTTCTGCTCCTCTTTTTGGAAACT PpURA5: TTTTGGAACCTCTGAGTATGACAGCTTGGTGGATTGTA CCCATGGTATGGCTTCCTGTGAATTTCTATTTTTTCTAC ATTGGATTCACCAATCAAAACAAATTAGTCGCCATGG CTTTTTGGCTTTTGGGTCTATTTGTTTGGACCTTCTTGG AATATGCTTTGCATAGATTTTTGTTCCACTTGGACTAC TATCTTCCAGAGAATCAAATTGCATTTACCATTCATTT CTTATTGCATGGGATACACCACTATTTACCAATGGATA AATACAGATTGGTGATGCCACCTACACTTTTCATTGTA CTTTGCTACCCAATCAAGACGCTCGTCTTTTCTGTTCT ACCATATTACATGGCTTGTTCTGGATTTGCAGGTGGAT TCCTGGGCTATATCATGTATGATGTCACTCATTACGTT CTGCATCACTCCAAGCTGCCTCGTTATTTCCAAGAGTT GAAGAAATATCATTTGGAACATCACTACAAGAATTAC GAGTTAGGCTTTGGTGTCACTTCCAAATTCTGGGACAA AGTCTTTGGGACTTATCTGGGTCCAGACGATGTGTATC AAAAGACAAATTAGAGTATTTATAAAGTTATGTAAGC AAATAGGGGCTAATAGGGAAAGAAAAATTTTGGTTCT TTATCAGAGCTGGCTCGCGCGCAGTGTTTTTCGTGCTC CTTTGTAATAGTCATTTTTGACTACTGTTCAGATTGAA ATCACATTGAAGATGTCACTCGAGGGGTACCAAAAAA GGTTTTTGGATGCTGCAGTGGCTTCGC 40 Sequence of the GGTCTTTTCAACAAAGCTCCATTAGTGAGTCAGCTGGC 3′-Region used TGAATCTTATGCACAGGCCATCATTAACAGCAACCTG for knock out of GAGATAGACGTTGTATTTGGACCAGCTTATAAAGGTA PpURA5: TTCCTTTGGCTGCTATTACCGTGTTGAAGTTGTACGAG CTCGGCGGCAAAAAATACGAAAATGTCGGATATGCGT TCAATAGAAAAGAAAAGAAAGACCACGGAGAAGGTG GAAGCATCGTTGGAGAAAGTCTAAAGAATAAAAGAGT ACTGATTATCGATGATGTGATGACTGCAGGTACTGCTA TCAACGAAGCATTTGCTATAATTGGAGCTGAAGGTGG GAGAGTTGAAGGTAGTATTATTGCCCTAGATAGAATG GAGACTACAGGAGATGACTCAAATACCAGTGCTACCC AGGCTGTTAGTCAGAGATATGGTACCCCTGTCTTGAGT ATAGTGACATTGGACCATATTGTGGCCCATTTGGGCG AAACTTTCACAGCAGACGAGAAATCTCAAATGGAAAC GTATAGAAAAAAGTATTTGCCCAAATAAGTATGAATC TGCTTCGAATGAATGAATTAATCCAATTATCTTCTCAC CATTATTTTCTTCTGTTTCGGAGCTTTGGGCACGGCGG CGGGTGGTGCGGGCTCAGGTTCCCTTTCATAAACAGA TTTAGTACTTGGATGCTTAATAGTGAATGGCGAATGCA AAGGAACAATTTCGTTCATCTTTAACCCTTTCACTCGG GGTACACGTTCTGGAATGTACCCGCCCTGTTGCAACTC AGGTGGACCGGGCAATTCTTGAACTTTCTGTAACGTTG TTGGATGTTCAACCAGAAATTGTCCTACCAACTGTATT AGTTTCCTTTTGGTCTTATATTGTTCATCGAGATACTTC CCACTCTCCTTGATAGCCACTCTCACTCTTCCTGGATT ACCAAAATCTTGAGGATGAGTCTTTTCAGGCTCCAGG ATGCAAGGTATATCCAAGTACCTGCAAGCATCTAATA TTGTCTTTGCCAGGGGGTTCTCCACACCATACTCCTTT TGGCGCATGC 41 Sequence of the TCTAGAGGGACTTATCTGGGTCCAGACGATGTGTATC PpURA5 AAAAGACAAATTAGAGTATTTATAAAGTTATGTAAGC auxotrophic AAATAGGGGCTAATAGGGAAAGAAAAATTTTGGTTCT marker: TTATCAGAGCTGGCTCGCGCGCAGTGTTTTTCGTGCTC CTTTGTAATAGTCATTTTTGACTACTGTTCAGATTGAA ATCACATTGAAGATGTCACTGGAGGGGTACCAAAAAA GGTTTTTGGATGCTGCAGTGGCTTCGCAGGCCTTGAAG TTTGGAACTTTCACCTTGAAAAGTGGAAGACAGTCTCC ATACTTCTTTAACATGGGTCTTTTCAACAAAGCTCCAT TAGTGAGTCAGCTGGCTGAATCTTATGCTCAGGCCATC ATTAACAGCAACCTGGAGATAGACGTTGTATTTGGAC CAGCTTATAAAGGTATTCCTTTGGCTGCTATTACCGTG TTGAAGTTGTACGAGCTGGGCGGCAAAAAATACGAAA ATGTCGGATATGCGTTCAATAGAAAAGAAAAGAAAGA CCACGGAGAAGGTGGAAGCATCGTTGGAGAAAGTCTA AAGAATAAAAGAGTACTGATTATCGATGATGTGATGA CTGCAGGTACTGCTATCAACGAAGCATTTGCTATAATT GGAGCTGAAGGTGGGAGAGTTGAAGGTTGTATTATTG CCCTAGATAGAATGGAGACTACAGGAGATGACTCAAA TACCAGTGCTACCCAGGCTGTTAGTCAGAGATATGGT ACCCCTGTCTTGAGTATAGTGACATTGGACCATATTGT GGCCCATTTGGGCGAAACTTTCACAGCAGACGAGAAA TCTCAAATGGAAACGTATAGAAAAAAGTATTTGCCCA AATAAGTATGAATCTGCTTCGAATGAATGAATTAATC CAATTATCTTCTCACCATTATTTTCTTCTGTTTCGGAGC TTTGGGCACGGCGGCGGATCC 42 Sequence of the CCTGCACTGGATGGTGGCGCTGGATGGTAAGCCGCTG part of the Ec GCAAGCGGTGAAGTGCCTCTGGATGTCGCTCCACAAG lacZ gene that GTAAACAGTTGATTGAACTGCCTGAACTACCGCAGCC was used to GGAGAGCGCCGGGCAACTCTGGCTCACAGTACGCGTA construct the GTGCAACCGAACGCGACCGCATGGTCAGAAGCCGGGC PpURA5 blaster ACATCAGCGCCTGGCAGCAGTGGCGTCTGGCGGAAAA (recyclable CCTCAGTGTGACGCTCCCCGCCGCGTCCCACGCCATCC auxotrophic CGCATCTGACCACCAGCGAAATGGATTTTTGCATCGA marker) GCTGGGTAATAAGCGTTGGCAATTTAACCGCCAGTCA GGCTTTCTTTCACAGATGTGGATTGGCGATAAAAAAC AACTGCTGACGCCGCTGCGCGATCAGTTCACCCGTGC ACCGCTGGATAACGACATTGGCGTAAGTGAAGCGACC CGCATTGACCCTAACGCCTGGGTCGAACGCTGGAAGG CGGCGGGCCATTACCAGGCCGAAGCAGCGTTGTTGCA GTGCACGGCAGATACACTTGCTGATGCGGTGCTGATT ACGACCGCTCACGCGTGGCAGCATCAGGGGAAAACCT TATTTATCAGCCGGAAAACCTACCGGATTGATGGTAG TGGTCAAATGGCGATTACCGTTGATGTTGAAGTGGCG AGCGATACACCGCATCCGGCGCGGATTGGCCTGAACT GCCAG 43 Sequence of the AAAACCTTTTTTCCTATTCAAACACAAGGCATTGCTTC 5′-Region used AACACGTGTGCGTATCCTTAACACAGATACTCCATACT for knock out of TCTAATAATGTGATAGACGAATACAAAGATGTTCACT PpOCH1: CTGTGTTGTGTCTACAAGCATTTCTTATTCTGATTGGG GATATTCTAGTTACAGCACTAAACAACTGGCGATACA AACTTAAATTAAATAATCCGAATCTAGAAAATGAACT TTTGGATGGTCCGCCTGTTGGTTGGATAAATCAATACC GATTAAATGGATTCTATTCCAATGAGAGAGTAATCCA AGACACTCTGATGTCAATAATCATTTGCTTGCAACAAC AAACCCGTCATCTAATCAAAGGGTTTGATGAGGCTTA CCTTCAATTGCAGATAAACTCATTGCTGTCCACTGCTG TATTATGTGAGAATATGGGTGATGAATCTGGTCTTCTC CACTCAGCTAACATGGCTGTTTGGGCAAAGGTGGTAC AATTATACGGAGATCAGGCAATAGTGAAATTGTTGAA TATGGCTACTGGACGATGCTTCAAGGATGTACGTCTA GTAGGAGCCGTGGGAAGATTGCTGGCAGAACCAGTTG GCACGTCGCAACAATCCCCAAGAAATGAAATAAGTGA AAACGTAACGTCAAAGACAGCAATGGAGTCAATATTG ATAACACCACTGGCAGAGCGGTTCGTACGTCGTTTTG GAGCCGATATGAGGCTCAGCGTGCTAACAGCACGATT GACAAGAAGACTCTCGAGTGACAGTAGGTTGAGTAAA GTATTCGCTTAGATTCCCAACCTTCGTTTTATTCTTTCG TAGACAAAGAAGCTGCATGCGAACATAGGGACAACTT TTATAAATCCAATTGTCAAACCAACGTAAAACCCTCTG GCACCATTTTCAACATATATTTGTGAAGCAGTACGCAA TATCGATAAATACTCACCGTTGTTTGTAACAGCCCCAA CTTGCATACGCCTTCTAATGACCTCAAATGGATAAGCC GCAGCTTGTGCTAACATACCAGCAGCACCGCCCGCGG TCAGCTGCGCCCACACATATAAAGGCAATCTACGATC ATGGGAGGAATTAGTTTTGACCGTCAGGTCTTCAAGA GTTTTGAACTCTTCTTCTTGAACTGTGTAACCTTTTAAA TGACGGGATCTAAATACGTCATGGATGAGATCATGTG TGTAAAAACTGACTCCAGCATATGGAATCATTCCAAA GATTGTAGGAGCGAACCCACGATAAAAGTTTCCCAAC CTTGCCAAAGTGTCTAATGCTGTGACTTGAAATCTGGG TTCCTCGTTGAAGACCCTGCGTACTATGCCCAAAAACT TTCCTCCACGAGCCCTATTAACTTCTCTATGAGTTTCA AATGCCAAACGGACACGGATTAGGTCCAATGGGTAAG TGAAAAACACAGAGCAAACCCCAGCTAATGAGCCGGC CAGTAACCGTCTTGGAGCTGTTTCATAAGAGTCATTAG GGATCAATAACGTTCTAATCTGTTCATAACATACAAAT TTTATGGCTGCATAGGGAAAAATTCTCAACAGGGTAG CCGAATGACCCTGATATAGACCTGCGACACCATCATA CCCATAGATCTGCCTGACAGCCTTAAAGAGCCCGCTA AAAGACCCGGAAAACCGAGAGAACTCTGGATTAGCA GTCTGAAAAAGAATCTTCACTCTGTCTAGTGGAGCAA TTAATGTCTTAGCGGCACTTCCTGCTACTCCGCCAGCT ACTCCTGAATAGATCACATACTGCAAAGACTGCTTGTC GATGACCTTGGGGTTATTTAGCTTCAAGGGCAATTTTT GGGACATTTTGGACACAGGAGACTCAGAAACAGACAC AGAGCGTTCTGAGTCCTGGTGCTCCTGACGTAGGCCTA GAACAGGAATTATTGGCTTTATTTGTTTGTCCATTTCA TAGGCTTGGGGTAATAGATAGATGACAGAGAAATAGA GAAGACCTAATATTTTTTGTTCATGGCAAATCGCGGGT TCGCGGTCGGGTCACACACGGAGAAGTAATGAGAAGA GCTGGTAATCTGGGGTAAAAGGGTTCAAAAGAAGGTC GCCTGGTAGGGATGCAATACAAGGTTGTCTTGGAGTT TACATTGACCAGATGATTTGGCTTTTTCTCTGTTCAATT CACATTTTTCAGCGAGAATCGGATTGACGGAGAAATG GCGGGGTGTGGGGTGGATAGATGGCAGAAATGCTCGC AATCACCGCGAAAGAAAGACTTTATGGAATAGAACTA CTGGGTGGTGTAAGGATTACATAGCTAGTCCAATGGA GTCCGTTGGAAAGGTAAGAAGAAGCTAAAACCGGCTA AGTAACTAGGGAAGAATGATCAGACTTTGATTTGATG AGGTCTGAAAATACTCTGCTGCTTTTTCAGTTGCTTTTT CCCTGCAACCTATCATTTTCCTTTTCATAAGCCTGCCTT TTCTGTTTTCACTTATATGAGTTCCGCCGAGACTTCCC CAAATTCTCTCCTGGAACATTCTCTATCGCTCTCCTTCC AAGTTGCGCCCCCTGGCACTGCCTAGTAATATTACCAC GCGACTTATATTCAGTTCCACAATTTCCAGTGTTCGTA GCAAATATCATCAGCCATGGCGAAGGCAGATGGCAGT TTGCTCTACTATAATCCTCACAATCCACCCAGAAGGTA TTACTTCTACATGGCTATATTCGCCGTTTCTGTCATTTG CGTTTTGTACGGACCCTCACAACAATTATCATCTCCAA AAATAGACTATGATCCATTGACGCTCCGATCACTTGAT TTGAAGACTTTGGAAGCTCCTTCACAGTTGAGTCCAGG CACCGTAGAAGATAATCTTCG 44 Sequence of the AAAGCTAGAGTAAAATAGATATAGCGAGATTAGAGA 3′-Region used ATGAATACCTTCTTCTAAGCGATCGTCCGTCATCATAG for knock out of AATATCATGGACTGTATAGTTTTTTTTTTGTACATATA PpOCH1: ATGATTAAACGGTCATCCAACATCTCGTTGACAGATCT CTCAGTACGCGAAATCCCTGACTATCAAAGCAAGAAC CGATGAAGAAAAAAACAACAGTAACCCAAACACCAC AACAAACACTTTATCTTCTCCCCCCCAACACCAATCAT CAAAGAGATGTCGGAACCAAACACCAAGAAGCAAAA ACTAACCCCATATAAAAACATCCTGGTAGATAATGCT GGTAACCCGCTCTCCTTCCATATTCTGGGCTACTTCAC GAAGTCTGACCGGTCTCAGTTGATCAACATGATCCTCG AAATGGGTGGCAAGATCGTTCCAGACCTGCCTCCTCT GGTAGATGGAGTGTTGTTTTTGACAGGGGATTACAAG TCTATTGATGAAGATACCCTAAAGCAACTGGGGGACG TTCCAATATACAGAGACTCCTTCATCTACCAGTGTTTT GTGCACAAGACATCTCTTCCCATTGACACTTTCCGAAT TGACAAGAACGTCGACTTGGCTCAAGATTTGATCAAT AGGGCCCTTCAAGAGTCTGTGGATCATGTCACTTCTGC CAGCACAGCTGCAGCTGCTGCTGTTGTTGTCGCTACCA ACGGCCTGTCTTCTAAACCAGACGCTCGTACTAGCAA AATACAGTTCACTCCCGAAGAAGATCGTTTTATTCTTG ACTTTGTTAGGAGAAATCCTAAACGAAGAAACACACA TCAACTGTACACTGAGCTCGCTCAGCACATGAAAAAC CATACGAATCATTCTATCCGCCACAGATTTCGTCGTAA TCTTTCCGCTCAACTTGATTGGGTTTATGATATCGATC CATTGACCAACCAACCTCGAAAAGATGAAAACGGGAA CTACATCAAGGTACAAGGCCTTCCA 45 K. lactis UDP- AAACGTAACGCCTGGCACTCTATTTTCTCAAACTTCTG GlcNAc GGACGGAAGAGCTAAATATTGTGTTGCTTGAACAAAC transporter gene CCAAAAAAACAAAAAAATGAACAAACTAAAACTACA (KIMNN2-2) CCTAAATAAACCGTGTGTAAAACGTAGTACCATATTA ORF underlined CTAGAAAAGATCACAAGTGTATCACACATGTGCATCT CATATTACATCTTTTATCCAATCCATTCTCTCTATCCCG TCTGTTCCTGTCAGATTCTTTTTCCATAAAAAGAAGAA GACCCCGAATCTCACCGGTACAATGCAAAACTGCTGA AAAAAAAAGAAAGTTCACTGGATACGGGAACAGTGC CAGTAGGCTTCACCACATGGACAAAACAATTGACGAT AAAATAAGCAGGTGAGCTTCTTTTTCAAGTCACGATCC CTTTATGTCTCAGAAACAATATATACAAGCTAAACCCT TTTGAACCAGTTCTCTCTTCATAGTTATGTTCACATAA ATTGCGGGAACAAGACTCCGCTGGCTGTCAGGTACAC GTTGTAACGTTTTCGTCCGCCCAATTATTAGCACAACA TTGGCAAAAAGAAAAACTGCTCGTTTTCTCTACAGGT AAATTACAATTTTTTTCAGTAATTTTCGCTGAAAAATT TAAAGGGCAGGAAAAAAAGACGATCTCGACTTTGCAT AGATGCAAGAACTGTGGTCAAAACTTGAAATAGTAAT TTTGCTGTGCGTGAACTAATAAATATATATATATATAT ATATATATATTTGTGTATTTTGTATATGTAATTGTGCA CGTCTTGGCTATTGGATATAAGATTTTCGCGGGTTGAT GACATAGAGCGTGTACTACTGTAATAGTTGTATATTCA AAAGCTGCTGCGTGGAGAAAGACTAAAATAGATAAA AAGCACACATTTTGACTTCGGTACCGTCAACTTAGTGG GACAGTCTTTTATATTTGGTGTAAGCTCATTTCTGGTA CTATTCGAAACAGAACAGTGTTTTCTGTATTACCGTCC AATCGTTTGTC ATGAGTTTTGTATTGATTTTGTCGTTA GTGTTCGGAGGATGTTGTTCCAATGTGATTAGTTTCGA GCACATGGTGCAAGGCAGCAATATAAATTTGGGAAAT ATTGTTACATTCACTCAATTCGTGTCTGTGACGCTAAT TCAGTTGCCCAATGCTTTGGACTTCTCTCACTTTCCGTT TAGGTTGCGACCTAGACACATTCCTCTTAAGATCCATA TGTTAGCTGTGTTTTTGTTCTTTACCAGTTCAGTCGCCA ATAACAGTGTGTTTAAATTTGACATTTCCGTTCCGATT CATATTATCATTAGATTTTCAGGTACCACTTTGACGAT GATAATAGGTTGGGCTGTTTGTAATAAGAGGTACTCC AAACTTCAGGTGCAATCTGCCATCATTATGACGCTTGG TGCGATTGTCGCATCATTATACCGTGACAAAGAATTTT CAATGGACAGTTTAAAGTTGAATACGGATTCAGTGGG TATGACCCAAAAATCTATGTTTGGTATCTTTGTTGTGC TAGTGGCCACTGCCTTGATGTCATTGTTGTCGTTGCTC AACGAATGGACGTATAACAAGTACGGGAAACATTGGA AAGAAACTTTGTTCTATTCGCATTTCTTGGCTCTACCG TTGTTTATGTTGGGGTACACAAGGCTCAGAGACGAAT TCAGAGACCTCTTAATTTCCTCAGACTCAATGGATATT CCTATTGTTAAATTACCAATTGCTACGAAACTTTTCAT GCTAATAGCAAATAACGTGACCCAGTTCATTTGTATCA AAGGTGTTAACATGCTAGCTAGTAACACGGATGCTTT GACACTTTCTGTCGTGCTTCTAGTGCGTAAATTTGTTA GTCTTTTACTCAGTGTCTACATCTACAAGAACGTCCTA TCCGTGACTGCATACCTAGGGACCATCACCGTGTTCCT GGGAGCTGGTTTGTATTCATATGGTTCGGTCAAAACTG CACTGCCTCGCTGA AACAATCCACGTCTGTATGATACT CGTTTCAGAATTTTTTTGATTTTCTGCCGGATATGGTTT CTCATCTTTACAATCGCATTCTTAATTATACCAGAACG TAATTCAATGATCCCAGTGACTCGTAACTCTTATATGT CAATTTAAGC 46 Sequence of the GGCCGAGCGGGCCTAGATTTTCACTACAAATTTCAAA 5′-Region used ACTACGCGGATTTATTGTCTCAGAGAGCAATTTGGCAT for knock out of TTCTGAGCGTAGCAGGAGGCTTCATAAGATTGTATAG PpBMT2: GACCGTACCAACAAATTGCCGAGGCACAACACGGTAT GCTGTGCACTTATGTGGCTACTTCCCTACAACGGAATG AAACCTTCCTCTTTCCGCTTAAACGAGAAAGTGTGTCG CAATTGAATGCAGGTGCCTGTGCGCCTTGGTGTATTGT TTTTGAGGGCCCAATTTATCAGGCGCCTTTTTTCTTGG TTGTTTTCCCTTAGCCTCAAGCAAGGTTGGTCTATTTC ATCTCCGCTTCTATACCGTGCCTGATACTGTTGGATGA GAACACGACTCAACTTCCTGCTGCTCTGTATTGCCAGT GTTTTGTCTGTGATTTGGATCGGAGTCCTCCTTACTTG GAATGATAATAATCTTGGCGGAATCTCCCTAAACGGA GGCAAGGATTCTGCCTATGATGATCTGCTATCATTGGG AAGCTTCAACGACATGGAGGTCGACTCCTATGTCACC AACATCTACGACAATGCTCCAGTGCTAGGATGTACGG ATTTGTCTTATCATGGATTGTTGAAAGTCACCCCAAAG CATGACTTAGCTTGCGATTTGGAGTTCATAAGAGCTCA GATTTTGGACATTGACGTTTACTCCGCCATAAAAGACT TAGAAGATAAAGCCTTGACTGTAAAACAAAAGGTTGA AAAACACTGGTTTACGTTTTATGGTAGTTCAGTCTTTC TGCCCGAACACGATGTGCATTACCTGGTTAGACGAGT CATCTTTTCGGCTGAAGGAAAGGCGAACTCTCCAGTA ACATC 47 Sequence of the CCATATGATGGGTGTTTGCTCACTCGTATGGATCAAAA 3′-Region used TTCCATGGTTTCTTCTGTACAACTTGTACACTTATTTGG for knock out of ACTTTTCTAACGGTTTTTCTGGTGATTTGAGAAGTCCT PpBMT2: TATTTTGGTGTTCGCAGCTTATCCGTGATTGAACCATC AGAAATACTGCAGCTCGTTATCTAGTTTCAGAATGTGT TGTAGAATACAATCAATTCTGAGTCTAGTTTGGGTGGG TCTTGGCGACGGGACCGTTATATGCATCTATGCAGTGT TAAGGTACATAGAATGAAAATGTAGGGGTTAATCGAA AGCATCGTTAATTTCAGTAGAACGTAGTTCTATTCCCT ACCCAAATAATTTGCCAAGAATGCTTCGTATCCACATA CGCAGTGGACGTAGCAAATTTCACTTTGGACTGTGAC CTCAAGTCGTTATCTTCTACTTGGACATTGATGGTCAT TACGTAATCCACAAAGAATTGGATAGCCTCTCGTTTTA TCTAGTGCACAGCCTAATAGCACTTAAGTAAGAGCAA TGGACAAATTTGCATAGACATTGAGCTAGATACGTAA CTCAGATCTTGTTCACTCATGGTGTACTCGAAGTACTG CTGGAACCGTTACCTCTTATCATTTCGCTACTGGCTCG TGAAACTACTGGATGAAAAAAAAAAAAGAGCTGAAA GCGAGATCATCCCATTTTGTCATCATACAAATTCACGC TTGCAGTTTTGCTTCGTTAACAAGACAAGATGTCTTTA TCAAAGACCCGTTTTTTCTTCTTGAAGAATACTTCCCT GTTGAGCACATGCAAACCATATTTATCTCAGATTTCAC TCAACTTGGGTGCTTCCAAGAGAAGTAAAATTCTTCCC ACTGCATCAACTTCCAAGAAACCCGTAGACCAGTTTCT CTTCAGCCAAAAGAAGTTGCTCGCCGATCACCGCGGT AACAGAGGAGTCAGAAGGTTTCACACCCTTCCATCCC GATTTCAAAGTCAAAGTGCTGCGTTGAACCAAGGTTTT CAGGTTGCCAAAGCCCAGTCTGCAAAAACTAGTTCCA AATGGCCTATTAATTCCCATAAAAGTGTTGGCTACGTA TGTATCGGTACCTCCATTCTGGTATTTGCTATTGTTGTC GTTGGTGGGTTGACTAGACTGACCGAATCCGGTCTTTC CATAACGGAGTGGAAACCTATCACTGGTTCGGTTCCC CCACTGACTGAGGAAGACTGGAAGTTGGAATTTGAAA AATACAAACAAAGCCCTGAGTTTCAGGAACTAAATTC TCACATAACATTGGAAGAGTTCAAGTTTATATTTTCCA TGGAATGGGGACATAGATTGTTGGGAAGGGTCATCGG CCTGTCGTTTGTTCTTCCCACGTTTTACTTCATTGCCCG TCGAAAGTGTTCCAAAGATGTTGCATTGAAACTGCTTG CAATATGCTCTATGATAGGATTCCAAGGTTTCATCGGC TGGTGGATGGTGTATTCCGGATTGGACAAACAGCAAT TGGCTGAACGTAACTCCAAACCAACTGTGTCTCCATAT CGCTTAACTACCCATCTTGGAACTGCATTTGTTATTTA CTGTTACATGATTTACACAGGGCTTCAAGTTTTGAAGA ACTATAAGATCATGAAACAGCCTGAAGCGTATGTTCA AATTTTCAAGCAAATTGCGTCTCCAAAATTGAAAACTT TCAAGAGACTCTCTTCAGTTCTATTAGGCCTGGTG 48 DNA encodes ATGTCTGCCAACCTAAAATATCTTTCCTTGGGAATTTT MmSLC35A3 GGTGTTTCAGACTACCAGTCTGGTTCTAACGATGCGGT UDP-GlcNAc ATTCTAGGACTTTAAAAGAGGAGGGGCCTCGTTATCT transporter GTCTTCTACAGCAGTGGTTGTGGCTGAATTTTTGAAGA TAATGGCCTGCATCTTTTTAGTCTACAAAGACAGTAAG TGTAGTGTGAGAGCACTGAATAGAGTACTGCATGATG AAATTCTTAATAAGCCCATGGAAACCCTGAAGCTCGC TATCCCGTCAGGGATATATACTCTTCAGAACAACTTAC TCTATGTGGCACTGTCAAACCTAGATGCAGCCACTTAC CAGGTTACATATCAGTTGAAAATACTTACAACAGCAT TATTTTCTGTGTCTATGCTTGGTAAAAAATTAGGTGTG TACCAGTGGCTCTCCCTAGTAATTCTGATGGCAGGAGT TGCTTTTGTACAGTGGCCTTCAGATTCTCAAGAGCTGA ACTCTAAGGACCTTTCAACAGGCTCACAGTTTGTAGGC CTCATGGCAGTTCTCACAGCCTGTTTTTCAAGTGGCTT TGCTGGAGTTTATTTTGAGAAAATCTTAAAAGAAACA AAACAGTCAGTATGGATAAGGAACATTCAACTTGGTT TCTTTGGAAGTATATTTGGATTAATGGGTGTATACGTT TATGATGGAGAATTGGTCTCAAAGAATGGATTTTTTCA GGGATATAATCAACTGACGTGGATAGTTGTTGCTCTGC AGGCACTTGGAGGCCTTGTAATAGCTGCTGTCATCAA ATATGCAGATAACATTTTAAAAGGATTTGCGACCTCCT TATCCATAATATTGTCAACAATAATATCTTATTTTTGG TTGCAAGATTTTGTGCCAACCAGTGTCTTTTTCCTTGG AGCCATCCTTGTAATAGCAGCTACTTTCTTGTATGGTT ACGATCCCAAACCTGCAGGAAATCCCACTAAAGCATAG 49 Sequence of the GATCTGGCCATTGTGAAACTTGACACTAAAGACAAAA 5′-Region used CTCTTAGAGTTTCCAATCACTTAGGAGACGATGTTTCC for knock out of TACAACGAGTACGATCCCTCATTGATCATGAGCAATTT PpMNN4L1: GTATGTGAAAAAAGTCATCGACCTTGACACCTTGGAT AAAAGGGCTGGAGGAGGTGGAACCACCTGTGCAGGC GGTCTGAAAGTGTTCAAGTACGGATCTACTACCAAAT ATACATCTGGTAACCTGAACGGCGTCAGGTTAGTATA CTGGAACGAAGGAAAGTTGCAAAGCTCCAAATTTGTG GTTCGATCCTCTAATTACTCTCAAAAGCTTGGAGGAAA CAGCAACGCCGAATCAATTGACAACAATGGTGTGGGT TTTGCCTCAGCTGGAGACTCAGGCGCATGGATTCTTTC CAAGCTACAAGATGTTAGGGAGTACCAGTCATTCACT GAAAAGCTAGGTGAAGCTACGATGAGCATTTTCGATT TCCACGGTCTTAAACAGGAGACTTCTACTACAGGGCTT GGGGTAGTTGGTATGATTCATTCTTACGACGGTGAGTT CAAACAGTTTGGTTTGTTCACTCCAATGACATCTATTC TACAAAGACTTCAACGAGTGACCAATGTAGAATGGTG TGTAGCGGGTTGCGAAGATGGGGATGTGGACACTGAA GGAGAACACGAATTGAGTGATTTGGAACAACTGCATA TGCATAGTGATTCCGACTAGTCAGGCAAGAGAGAGCC CTCAAATTTACCTCTCTGCCCCTCCTCACTCCTTTTGGT ACGCATAATTGCAGTATAAAGAACTTGCTGCCAGCCA GTAATCTTATTTCATACGCAGTTCTATATAGCACATAA TCTTGCTTGTATGTATGAAATTTACCGCGTTTTAGTTG AAATTGTTTATGTTGTGTGCCTTGCATGAAATCTCTCG TTAGCCCTATCCTTACATTTAACTGGTCTCAAAACCTC TACCAATTCCATTGCTGTACAACAATATGAGGCGGCA TTACTGTAGGGTTGGAAAAAAATTGTCATTCCAGCTA GAGATCACACGACTTCATCACGCTTATTGCTCCTCATT GCTAAATCATTTACTCTTGACTTCGACCCAGAAAAGTT CGCC 50 Sequence of the GCATGTCAAACTTGAACACAACGACTAGATAGTTGTT 3′-Region used TTTTCTATATAAAACGAAACGTTATCATCTTTAATAAT for knock out of CATTGAGGTTTACCCTTATAGTTCCGTATTTTCGTTTCC PpMNN4L1: AAACTTAGTAATCTTTTGGAAATATCATCAAAGCTGGT GCCAATCTTCTTGTTTGAAGTTTCAAACTGCTCCACCA AGCTACTTAGAGACTGTTCTAGGTCTGAAGCAACTTCG AACACAGAGACAGCTGCCGCCGATTGTTCTTTTTTGTG TTTTTCTTCTGGAAGAGGGGCATCATCTTGTATGTCCA ATGCCCGTATCCTTTCTGAGTTGTCCGACACATTGTCC TTCGAAGAGTTTCCTGACATTGGGCTTCTTCTATCCGT GTATTAATTTTGGGTTAAGTTCCTCGTTTGCATAGCAG TGGATACCTCGATTTTTTTGGCTCCTATTTACCTGACAT AATATTCTACTATAATCCAACTTGGACGCGTCATCTAT GATAACTAGGCTCTCCTTTGTTCAAAGGGGACGTCTTC ATAATCCACTGGCACGAAGTAAGTCTGCAACGAGGCG GCTTTTGCAACAGAACGATAGTGTCGTTTCGTACTTGG ACTATGCTAAACAAAAGGATCTGTCAAACATTTCAAC CGTGTTTCAAGGCACTCTTTACGAATTATCGACCAAGA CCTTCCTAGACGAACATTTCAACATATCCAGGCTACTG CTTCAAGGTGGTGCAAATGATAAAGGTATAGATATTA GATGTGTTTGGGACCTAAAACAGTTCTTGCCTGAAGAT TCCCTTGAGCAACAGGCTTCAATAGCCAAGTTAGAGA AGCAGTACCAAATCGGTAACAAAAGGGGGAAGCATA TAAAACCTTTACTATTGCGACAAAATCCATCCTTGAAA GTAAAGCTGTTTGTTCAATGTAAAGCATACGAAACGA AGGAGGTAGATCCTAAGATGGTTAGAGAACTTAACGG GACATACTCCAGCTGCATCCCATATTACGATCGCTGGA AGACTTTTTTCATGTACGTATCGCCCACCAACCTTTCA AAGCAAGCTAGGTATGATTTTGACAGTTCTCACAATCC ATTGGTTTTCATGCAACTTGAAAAAACCCAACTCAAA CTTCATGGGGATCCATACAATGTAAATCATTACGAGA GGGCGAGGTTGAAAAGTTTCCATTGCAATCACGTCGC ATCATGGCTACTGAAAGGCCTTAAC 51 Sequence of the TCATTCTATATGTTCAAGAAAAGGGTAGTGAAAGGAA 5′-Region used AGAAAAGGCATATAGGCGAGGGAGAGTTAGCTAGCA for knock out of TACAAGATAATGAAGGATCAATAGCGGTAGTTAAAGT PpPNO1 and GCACAAGAAAAGAGCACCTGTTGAGGCTGATGATAAA PpMNN4: GCTCCAATTACATTGCCACAGAGAAACACAGTAACAG AAATAGGAGGGGATGCACCACGAGAAGAGCATTCAG TGAACAACTTTGCCAAATTCATAACCCCAAGCGCTAA TAAGCCAATGTCAAAGTCGGCTACTAACATTAATAGT ACAACAACTATCGATTTTCAACCAGATGTTTGCAAGG ACTACAAACAGACAGGTTACTGCGGATATGGTGACAC TTGTAAGTTTTTGCACCTGAGGGATGATTTCAAACAGG GATGGAAATTAGATAGGGAGTGGGAAAATGTCCAAA AGAAGAAGCATAATACTCTCAAAGGGGTTAAGGAGAT CCAAATGTTTAATGAAGATGAGCTCAAAGATATCCCG TTTAAATGCATTATATGCAAAGGAGATTACAAATCAC CCGTGAAAACTTCTTGCAATCATTATTTTTGCGAACAA TGTTTCCTGCAACGGTCAAGAAGAAAACCAAATTGTA TTATATGTGGCAGAGACACTTTAGGAGTTGCTTTACCA GCAAAGAAGTTGTCCCAATTTCTGGCTAAGATACATA ATAATGAAAGTAATAAAGTTTAGTAATTGCATTGCGTT GACTATTGATTGCATTGATGTCGTGTGATACTTTCACC GAAAAAAAACACGAAGCGCAATAGGAGCGGTTGCAT ATTAGTCCCCAAAGCTATTTAATTGTGCCTGAAACTGT TTTTTAAGCTCATCAAGCATAATTGTATGCATTGCGAC GTAACCAACGTTTAGGCGCAGTTTAATCATAGCCCACT GCTAAGCC 52 Sequence of the CGGAGGAATGCAAATAATAATCTCCTTAATTACCCAC 3′-Region used TGATAAGCTCAAGAGACGCGGTTTGAAAACGATATAA for knock out of TGAATCATTTGGATTTTATAATAAACCCTGACAGTTTT PpPNO1 and TCCACTGTATTGTTTTAACACTCATTGGAAGCTGTATT PpMNN4: GATTCTAAGAAGCTAGAAATCAATACGGCCATACAAA AGATGACATTGAATAAGCACCGGCTTTTTTGATTAGCA TATACCTTAAAGCATGCATTCATGGCTACATAGTTGTT AAAGGGCTTCTTCCATTATCAGTATAATGAATTACATA ATCATGCACTTATATTTGCCCATCTCTGTTCTCTCACTC TTGCCTGGGTATATTCTATGAAATTGCGTATAGCGTGT CTCCAGTTGAACCCCAAGCTTGGCGAGTTTGAAGAGA ATGCTAACCTTGCGTATTCCTTGCTTCAGGAAACATTC AAGGAGAAACAGGTCAAGAAGCCAAACATTTTGATCC TTCCCGAGTTAGCATTGACTGGCTACAATTTTCAAAGC CAGCAGCGGATAGAGCCTTTTTTGGAGGAAACAACCA AGGGAGCTAGTACCCAATGGGCTCAAAAAGTATCCAA GACGTGGGATTGCTTTACTTTAATAGGATACCCAGAA AAAAGTTTAGAGAGCCCTCCCCGTATTTACAACAGTG CGGTACTTGTATCGCCTCAGGGAAAAGTAATGAACAA CTACAGAAAGTCCTTCTTGTATGAAGCTGATGAACATT GGGGATGTTCGGAATCTTCTGATGGGTTTCAAACAGT AGATTTATTAATTGAAGGAAAGACTGTAAAGACATCA TTTGGAATTTGCATGGATTTGAATCCTTATAAATTTGA AGCTCCATTCACAGACTTCGAGTTCAGTGGCCATTGCT TGAAAACCGGTACAAGACTCATTTTGTGCCCAATGGC CTGGTTGTCCCCTCTATCGCCTTCCATTAAAAAGGATC TTAGTGATATAGAGAAAAGCAGACTTCAAAAGTTCTA CCTTGAAAAAATAGATACCCCGGAATTTGACGTTAAT TACGAATTGAAAAAAGATGAAGTATTGCCCACCCGTA TGAATGAAACGTTGGAAACAATTGACTTTGAGCCTTC AAAACCGGACTACTCTAATATAAATTATTGGATACTA AGGTTTTTTCCCTTTCTGACTCATGTCTATAAACGAGA TGTGCTCAAAGAGAATGCAGTTGCAGTCTTATGCAAC CGAGTTGGCATTGAGAGTGATGTCTTGTACGGAGGAT CAACCACGATTCTAAACTTCAATGGTAAGTTAGCATC GACACAAGAGGAGCTGGAGTTGTACGGGCAGACTAAT AGTCTCAACCCCAGTGTGGAAGTATTGGGGGCCCTTG GCATGGGTCAACAGGGAATTCTAGTACGAGACATTGA ATTAACATAATATACAATATACAATAAACACAAATAA AGAATACAAGCCTGACAAAAATTCACAAATTATTGCC TAGACTTGTCGTTATCAGCAGCGACCTTTTTCCAATGC TCAATTTCACGATATGCCTTTTCTAGCTCTGCTTTAAG CTTCTCATTGGAATTGGCTAACTCGTTGACTGCTTGGT CAGTGATGAGTTTCTCCAAGGTCCATTTCTCGATGTTG TTGTTTTCGTTTTCCTTTAATCTCTTGATATAATCAACA GCCTTCTTTAATATCTGAGCCTTGTTCGAGTCCCCTGTT GGCAACAGAGCGGCCAGTTCCTTTATTCCGTGGTTTAT ATTTTCTCTTCTACGCCTTTCTACTTCTTTGTGATTCTC TTTACGCATCTTATGCCATTCTTCAGAACCAGTGGCTG GCTTAACCGAATAGCCAGAGCCTGAAGAAGCCGCACT AGAAGAAGCAGTGGCATTGTTGACTATGG 53 DNA encodes TCAGTCAGTGCTCTTGATGGTGACCCAGCAAGTTTGAC human GnTI CAGAGAAGTGATTAGATTGGCCCAAGACGCAGAGGTG catalytic domain GAGTTGGAGAGACAACGTGGACTGCTGCAGCAAATCG (NA) GAGATGCATTGTCTAGTCAAAGAGGTAGGGTGCCTAC Codon- CGCAGCTCCTCCAGCACAGCCTAGAGTGCATGTGACC optimized CCTGCACCAGCTGTGATTCCTATCTTGGTCATCGCCTG TGACAGATCTACTGTTAGAAGATGTCTGGACAAGCTG TTGCATTACAGACCATCTGCTGAGTTGTTCCCTATCAT CGTTAGTCAAGACTGTGGTCACGAGGAGACTGCCCAA GCCATCGCCTCCTACGGATCTGCTGTCACTCACATCAG ACAGCCTGACCTGTCATCTATTGCTGTGCCACCAGACC ACAGAAAGTTCCAAGGTTACTACAAGATCGCTAGACA CTACAGATGGGCATTGGGTCAAGTCTTCAGACAGTTT AGATTCCCTGCTGCTGTGGTGGTGGAGGATGACTTGG AGGTGGCTCCTGACTTCTTTGAGTACTTTAGAGCAACC TATCCATTGCTGAAGGCAGACCCATCCCTGTGGTGTGT CTCTGCCTGGAATGACAACGGTAAGGAGCAAATGGTG GACGCTTCTAGGCCTGAGCTGTTGTACAGAACCGACTT CTTTCCTGGTCTGGGATGGTTGCTGTTGGCTGAGTTGT GGGCTGAGTTGGAGCCTAAGTGGCCAAAGGCATTCTG GGACGACTGGATGAGAAGACCTGAGCAAAGACAGGG TAGAGCCTGTATCAGACCTGAGATCTCAAGAACCATG ACCTTTGGTAGAAAGGGAGTGTCTCACGGTCAATTCTT TGACCAACACTTGAAGTTTATCAAGCTGAACCAGCAA TTTGTGCACTTCACCCAACTGGACCTGTCTTACTTGCA GAGAGAGGCCTATGACAGAGATTTCCTAGCTAGAGTC TACGGAGCTCCTCAACTGCAAGTGGAGAAAGTGAGGA CCAATGACAGAAAGGAGTTGGGAGAGGTGAGAGTGC AGTACACTGGTAGGGACTCCTTTAAGGCTTTCGCTAAG GCTCTGGGTGTCATGGATGACCTTAAGTCTGGAGTTCC TAGAGCTGGTTACAGAGGTATTGTCACCTTTCAATTCA GAGGTAGAAGAGTCCACTTGGCTCCTCCACCTACTTG GGAGGGTTATGATCCTTCTTGGAATTAG 54 DNA encodes ATGCCCAGAAAAATATTTAACTACTTCATTTTGACTGT Pp SEC12 (10) ATTCATGGCAATTCTTGCTATTGTTTTACAATGGTCTA The last 9 TAGAGAATGGACATGGGCGCGCC nucleotides are the linker containing the AscI restriction site used for fusion to proteins of interest. 55 Sequence of the GAAGTAAAGTTGGCGAAACTTTGGGAACCTTTGGTTA PpSEC4 AAACTTTGTAATTTTTGTCGCTACCCATTAGGCAGAAT promoter: CTGCATCTTGGGAGGGGGATGTGGTGGCGTTCTGAGA TGTACGCGAAGAATGAAGAGCCAGTGGTAACAACAG GCCTAGAGAGATACGGGCATAATGGGTATAACCTACA AGTTAAGAATGTAGCAGCCCTGGAAACCAGATTGAAA CGAAAAACGAAATCATTTAAACTGTAGGATGTTTTGG CTCATTGTCTGGAAGGCTGGCTGTTTATTGCCCTGTTC TTTGCATGGGAATAAGCTATTATATCCCTCACATAATC CCAGAAAATAGATTGAAGCAACGCGAAATCCTTACGT ATCGAAGTAGCCTTCTTACACATTCACGTTGTACGGAT AAGAAAACTACTCAAACGAACAATC 56 Sequence of the AATAGATATAGCGAGATTAGAGAATGAATACCTTCTT PpOCH1 CTAAGCGATCGTCCGTCATCATAGAATATCATGGACT terminator: GTATAGTTTTTTTTTTGTACATATAATGATTAAACGGT CATCCAACATCTCGTTGACAGATCTCTCAGTACGCGAA ATCCCTGACTATCAAAGCAAGAACCGATGAAGAAAAA AACAACAGTAACCCAAACACCACAACAAACACTTTAT CTTCTCCCCCCCAACACCAATCATCAAAGAGATGTCG GAACACAAACACCAAGAAGCAAAAACTAACCCCATAT AAAAACATCCTGGTAGATAATGCTGGTAACCCGCTCT CCTTCCATATTCTGGGCTACTTCACGAAGTCTGACCGG TCTCAGTTGATCAACATGATCCTCGAAATGG 57 DNA encodes GAGCCCGCTGACGCCACCATCCGTGAGAAGAGGGCAA Mm ManI AGATCAAAGAGATGATGACCCATGCTTGGAATAATTA catalytic domain TAAACGCTATGCGTGGGGCTTGAACGAACTGAAACCT (FB) ATATCAAAAGAAGGCCATTCAAGCAGTTTGTTTGGCA ACATCAAAGGAGCTACAATAGTAGATGCCCTGGATAC CCTTTTCATTATGGGCATGAAGACTGAATTTCAAGAAG CTAAATCGTGGATTAAAAAATATTTAGATTTTAATGTG AATGCTGAAGTTTCTGTTTTTGAAGTCAACATACGCTT CGTCGGTGGACTGCTGTCAGCCTACTATTTGTCCGGAG AGGAGATATTTCGAAAGAAAGCAGTGGAACTTGGGGT AAAATTGCTACCTGCATTTCATACTCCCTCTGGAATAC CTTGGGCATTGCTGAATATGAAAAGTGGGATCGGGCG GAACTGGCCCTGGGCCTCTGGAGGCAGCAGTATCCTG GCCGAATTTGGAACTCTGCATTTAGAGTTTATGCACTT GTCCCACTTATCAGGAGACCCAGTCTTTGCCGAAAAG GTTATGAAAATTCGAACAGTGTTGAACAAACTGGACA AACCAGAAGGCCTTTATCCTAACTATCTGAACCCCAGT AGTGGACAGTGGGGTCAACATCATGTGTCGGTTGGAG GACTTGGAGACAGCTTTTATGAATATTTGCTTAAGGCG TGGTTAATGTCTGACAAGACAGATCTCGAAGCCAAGA AGATGTATTTTGATGCTGTTCAGGCCATCGAGACTCAC TTGATCCGCAAGTCAAGTGGGGGACTAACGTACATCG CAGAGTGGAAGGGGGGCCTCCTGGAACACAAGATGG GCCACCTGACGTGCTTTGCAGGAGGCATGTTTGCACTT GGGGCAGATGGAGCTCCGGAAGCCCGGGCCCAACACT ACCTTGAACTCGGAGCTGAAATTGCCCGCACTTGTCAT GAATCTTATAATCGTACATATGTGAAGTTGGGACCGG AAGCGTTTCGATTTGATGGCGGTGTGGAAGCTATTGCC ACGAGGCAAAATGAAAAGTATTACATCTTACGGCCCG AGGTCATCGAGACATACATGTACATGTGGCGACTGAC TCACGACCCCAAGTACAGGACCTGGGCCTGGGAAGCC GTGGAGGCTCTAGAAAGTCACTGCAGAGTGAACGGAG GCTACTCAGGCTTACGGGATGTTTACATTGCCCGTGAG AGTTATGACGATGTCCAGCAAAGTTTCTTCCTGGCAGA GACACTGAAGTATTTGTACTTGATATTTTCCGATGATG ACCTTCTTCCACTAGAACACTGGATCTTCAACACCGAG GCTCATCCTTTCCCTATACTCCGTGAACAGAAGAAGG AAATTGATGGCAAAGAGAAATGA 58 DNA encodes ATGAACACTATCCACATAATAAAATTACCGCTTAACT ScSEC12 (8) ACGCCAACTACACCTCAATGAAACAAAAAATCTCTAA The last 9 ATTTTTCACCAACTTCATCCTTATTGTGCTGCTTTCTTA nucleotides are CATTTTACAGTTCTCCTATAAGCACAATTTGCATTCCA the linker TGCTTTTCAATTACGCGAAGGACAATTTTCTAACGAAA containing the AGAGACACCATCTCTTCGCCCTACGTAGTTGATGAAG AscI restriction ACTTACATCAAACAACTTTGTTTGGCAACCACGGTACA site used for AAAACATCTGTACCTAGCGTAGATTCCATAAAAGTGC fusion to ATGGCGTGGGGCGCGCC proteins of interest 59 Sequence of the GAGTCGGCCAAGAGATGATAACTGTTACTAAGCTTCT 5′-region that CCGTAATTAGTGGTATTTTGTAACTTTTACCAATAATC was used to GTTTATGAATACGGATATTTTTCGACCTTATCCAGTGC knock into the CAAATCACGTAACTTAATCATGGTTTAAATACTCCACT PpADE1 locus: TGAACGATTCATTATTCAGAAAAAAGTCAGGTTGGCA GAAACACTTGGGCGCTTTGAAGAGTATAAGAGTATTA AGCATTAAACATCTGAACTTTCACCGCCCCAATATACT ACTCTAGGAAACTCGAAAAATTCCTTTCCATGTGTCAT CGCTTCCAACACACTTTGCTGTATCCTTCCAAGTATGT CCATTGTGAACACTGATCTGGACGGAATCCTACCTTTA ATCGCCAAAGGAAAGGTTAGAGACATTTATGCAGTCG ATGAGAACAACTTGCTGTTCGTCGCAACTGACCGTATC TCCGCTTACGATGTGATTATGACAAACGGTATTCCTGA TAAGGGAAAGATTTTGACTCAGCTCTCAGTTTTCTGGT TTGATTTTTTGGCACCCTACATAAAGAATCATTTGGTT GCTTCTAATGACAAGGAAGTCTTTGCTTTACTACCATC AAAACTGTCTGAAGAAAAaTACAAATCTCAATTAGAG GGACGATCCTTGATAGTAAAAAAGCACAGACTGATAC CTTTGGAAGCCATTGTCAGAGGTTACATCACTGGAAG TGCATGGAAAGAGTACAAGAACTCAAAAACTGTCCAT GGAGTCAAGGTTGAAAACGAGAACCTTCAAGAGAGC GACGCCTTTCCAACTCCGATTTTCACACCTTCAACGAA AGCTGAACAGGGTGAACACGATGAAAACATCTCTATT GAACAAGCTGCTGAGATTGTAGGTAAAGACATTTGTG AGAAGGTCGCTGTCAAGGCGGTCGAGTTGTATTCTGC TGCAAAAAACCTCGCCCTTTTGAAGGGGATCATTATTG CTGATACGAAATTCGAATTTGGACTGGACGAAAACAA TGAATTGGTACTAGTAGATGAAGTTTTAACTCCAGATT CTTCTAGATTTTGGAATCAAAAGACTTACCAAGTGGGT AAATCGCAAGAGAGTTACGATAAGCAGTTTCTCAGAG ATTGGTTGACGGCCAACGGATTGAATGGCAAAGAGGG CGTAGCCATGGATGCAGAAATTGCTATCAAGAGTAAA GAAAAGTATATTGAAGCTTATGAAGCAATTACTGGCA AGAAATGGGCTTGA 60 Sequence of the ATGATTAGTACCCTCCTCGCCTTTTTCAGACATCTGAA 3′-region that ATTTCCCTTATTCTTCCAATTCCATATAAAATCCTATTT was used to AGGTAATTAGTAAACAATGATCATAAAGTGAAATCAT knock into the TCAAGTAACCATTCCGTTTATCGTTGATTTAAAATCAA PpADE1 locus: TAACGAATGAATGTCGGTCTGAGTAGTCAATTTGTTGC CTTGGAGCTCATTGGCAGGGGGTCTTTTGGCTCAGTAT GGAAGGTTGAAAGGAAAACAGATGGAAAGTGGTTCG TCAGAAAAGAGGTATCCTACATGAAGATGAATGCCAA AGAGATATCTCAAGTGATAGCTGAGTTCAGAATTCTT AGTGAGTTAAGCCATCCCAACATTGTGAAGTACCTTC ATCACGAACATATTTCTGAGAATAAAACTGTCAATTTA TACATGGAATACTGTGATGGTGGAGATCTCTCCAAGC TGATTCGAACACATAGAAGGAACAAAGAGTACATTTC AGAAGAAAAAATATGGAGTATTTTTACGCAGGTTTTA TTAGCATTGTATCGTTGTCATTATGGAACTGATTTCAC GGCTTCAAAGGAGTTTGAATCGCTCAATAAAGGTAAT AGACGAACCCAGAATCCTTCGTGGGTAGACTCGACAA GAGTTATTATTCACAGGGATATAAAACCCGACAACAT CTTTCTGATGAACAATTCAAACCTTGTCAAACTGGGAG ATTTTGGATTAGCAAAAATTCTGGACCAAGAAAACGA TTTTGCCAAAACATACGTCGGTACGCCGTATTACATGT CTCCTGAAGTGCTGTTGGACCAACCCTACTCACCATTA TGTGATATATGGTCTCTTGGGTGCGTCATGTATGAGCT ATGTGCATTGAGGCCTCCTT 61 DNA encodes ATGACAGCTCAGTTACAAAGTGAAAGTACTTCTAAAA ScGAL10 TTGTTTTGGTTACAGGTGGTGCTGGATACATTGGTTCA CACACTGTGGTAGAGCTAATTGAGAATGGATATGACT GTGTTGTTGCTGATAACCTGTCGAATTCAACTTATGAT TCTGTAGCCAGGTTAGAGGTCTTGACCAAGCATCACA TTCCCTTCTATGAGGTTGATTTGTGTGACCGAAAAGGT CTGGAAAAGGTTTTCAAAGAATATAAAATTGATTCGG TAATTCACTTTGCTGGTTTAAAGGCTGTAGGTGAATCT ACACAAATCCCGCTGAGATACTATCACAATAACATTTT GGGAACTGTCGTTTTATTAGAGTTAATGCAACAATAC AACGTTTCCAAATTTGTTTTTTCATCTTCTGCTACTGTC TATGGTGATGCTACGAGATTCCCAAATATGATTCCTAT CCCAGAAGAATGTCCCTTAGGGCCTACTAATCCGTAT GGTCATACGAAATACGCCATTGAGAATATCTTGAATG ATCTTTACAATAGCGACAAAAAAAGTTGGAAGTTTGC TATCTTGCGTTATTTTAACCCAATTGGCGCACATCCCT CTGGATTAATCGGAGAAGATCCGCTAGGTATACCAAA CAATTTGTTGCCATATATGGCTCAAGTAGCTGTTGGTA GGCGCGAGAAGCTTTACATCTTCGGAGACGATTATGA TTCCAGAGATGGTACCCCGATCAGGGATTATATCCAC GTAGTTGATCTAGCAAAAGGTCATATTGCAGCCCTGC AATACCTAGAGGCCTACAATGAAAATGAAGGTTTGTG TCGTGAGTGGAACTTGGGTTCCGGTAAAGGTTCTACA GTTTTTGAAGTTTATCATGCATTCTGCAAAGCTTCTGG TATTGATCTTCCATACAAAGTTACGGGCAGAAGAGCA GGTGATGTTTTGAACTTGACGGCTAAACCAGATAGGG CCAAACGCGAACTGAAATGGCAGACCGAGTTGCAGGT TGAAGACTCCTGCAAGGATTTATGGAAATGGACTACT GAGAATCCTTTTGGTTACCAGTTAAGGGGTGTCGAGG CCAGATTTTCCGCTGAAGATATGCGTTATGACGCAAG ATTTGTGACTATTGGTGCCGGCACCAGATTTCAAGCCA CGTTTGCCAATTTGGGCGCCAGCATTGTTGACCTGAAA GTGAACGGACAATCAGTTGTTCTTGGCTATGAAAATG AGGAAGGGTATTTGAATCCTGATAGTGCTTATATAGG CGCCACGATCGGCAGGTATGCTAATCGTATTTCGAAG GGTAAGTTTAGTTTATGCAACAAAGACTATCAGTTAA CCGTTAATAACGGCGTTAATGCGAATCATAGTAGTAT CGGTTCTTTCCACAGAAAAAGATTTTTGGGACCCATCA TTCAAAATCCTTCAAAGGATGTTTTTACCGCCGAGTAC ATGCTGATAGATAATGAGAAGGACACCGAATTTCCAG GTGATCTATTGGTAACCATACAGTATACTGTGAACGTT GCCCAAAAAAGTTTGGAAATGGTATATAAAGGTAAAT TGACTGCTGGTGAAGCGACGCCAATAAATTTAACAAA TCATAGTTATTTCAATCTGAACAAGCCATATGGAGAC ACTATTGAGGGTACGGAGATTATGGTGCGTTCAAAAA AATCTGTTGATGTCGACAAAAACATGATTCCTACGGG TAATATCGTCGATAGAGAAATTGCTACCTTTAACTCTA CAAAGCCAACGGTCTTAGGCCCCAAAAATCCCCAGTT TGATTGTTGTTTTGTGGTGGATGAAAATGCTAAGCCAA GTCAAATCAATACTCTAAACAATGAATTGACGCTTATT GTCAAGGCTTTTCATCCCGATTCCAATATTACATTAGA AGTTTTAAGTACAGAGCCAACTTATCAATTTTATACCG GTGATTTCTTGTCTGCTGGTTACGAAGCAAGACAAGGT TTTGCAATTGAGCCTGGTAGATACATTGATGCTATCAA TCAAGAGAACTGGAAAGATTGTGTAACCTTGAAAAAC GGTGAAACTTACGGGTCCAAGATTGTCTACAGATTTTC CTGA 62 Sequence of the TAAGCTTCACGATTTGTGTTCCAGTTTATCCCCCCTTTA PpPMA1 TATACCGTTAACCCTTTCCCTGTTGAGCTGACTGTTGT terminator: TGTATTACCGCAATTTTTCCAAGTTTGCCATGCTTTTCG TGTTATTTGACCGATGTCTTTTTTCCCAAATCAAACTA TATTTGTTACCATTTAAACCAAGTTATCTTTTGTATTAA GAGTCTAAGTTTGTTCCCAGGCTTCATGTGAGAGTGAT AACCATCCAGACTATGATTCTTGTTTTTTATTGGGTTT GTTTGTGTGATACATCTGAGTTGTGATTCGTAAAGTAT GTCAGTCTATCTAGATTTTTAATAGTTAATTGGTAATC AATGACTTGTTTGTTTTAACTTTTAAATTGTGGGTCGT ATCCACGCGTTTAGTATAGCTGTTCATGGCTGTTAGAG GAGGGCGATGTTTATATACAGAGGACAAGAATGAGGA GGCGGCGTGTATTTTTAAAATGGAGACGCGACTCCTG TACACCTTATCGGTTGG 63 hGalT codon GGTAGAGATTTGTCTAGATTGCCACAGTTGGTTGGTGT optimized (XB) TTCCACTCCATTGCAAGGAGGTTCTAACTCTGCTGCTG CTATTGGTCAATCTTCCGGTGAGTTGAGAACTGGTGGA GCTAGACCACCTCCACCATTGGGAGCTTCCTCTCAACC AAGACCAGGTGGTGATTCTTCTCCAGTTGTTGACTCTG GTCCAGGTCCAGCTTCTAACTTGACTTCCGTTCCAGTT CCACACACTACTGCTTTGTCCTTGCCAGCTTGTCCAGA AGAATCCCCATTGTTGGTTGGTCCAATGTTGATCGAGT TCAACATGCCAGTTGACTTGGAGTTGGTTGCTAAGCA GAACCCAAACGTTAAGATGGGTGGTAGATACGCTCCA AGAGACTGTGTTTCCCCACACAAAGTTGCTATCATCAT CCCATTCAGAAACAGACAGGAGCACTTGAAGTACTGG TTGTACTACTTGCACCCAGTTTTGCAAAGACAGCAGTT GGACTACGGTATCTACGTTATCAACCAGGCTGGTGAC ACTATTTTCAACAGAGCTAAGTTGTTGAATGTTGGTTT CCAGGAGGCTTTGAAGGATTACGACTACACTTGTTTCG TTTTCTCCGACGTTGACTTGATTCCAATGAACGACCAC AACGCTTACAGATGTTTCTCCCAGCCAAGACACATTTC TGTTGCTATGGACAAGTTCGGTTTCTCCTTGCCATACG TTCAATACTTCGGTGGTGTTTCCGCTTTGTCCAAGCAG CAGTTCTTGACTATCAACGGTTTCCCAAACAATTACTG GGGATGGGGTGGTGAAGATGACGACATCTTTAACAGA TTGGTTTTCAGAGGAATGTCCATCTCTAGACCAAACGC TGTTGTTGGTAGATGTAGAATGATCAGACACTCCAGA GACAAGAAGAACGAGCCAAACCCACAAAGATTCGAC AGAATCGCTCACACTAAGGAAACTATGTTGTCCGACG GATTGAACTCCTTGACTTACCAGGTTTTGGACGTTCAG AGATACCCATTGTACACTCAGATCACTGTTGACATCGG TACTCCATCCTAG 64 DNA encodes ATGGCCCTCTTTCTCAGTAAGAGACTGTTGAGATTTAC ScMnt1 (Kre2) CGTCATTGCAGGTGCGGTTATTGTTCTCCTCCTAACAT (33) TGAATTCCAACAGTAGAACTCAGCAATATATTCCGAG TTCCATCTCCGCTGCATTTGATTTTACCTCAGGATCTAT ATCCCCTGAACAACAAGTCATCGGGCGCGCC 65 DNA encodes ATGAATAGCATACACATGAACGCCAATACGCTGAAGT DmUGT ACATCAGCCTGCTGACGCTGACCCTGCAGAATGCCAT CCTGGGCCTCAGCATGCGCTACGCCCGCACCCGGCCA GGCGACATCTTCCTCAGCTCCACGGCCGTACTCATGGC AGAGTTCGCCAAACTGATCACGTGCCTGTTCCTGGTCT TCAACGAGGAGGGCAAGGATGCCCAGAAGTTTGTACG CTCGCTGCACAAGACCATCATTGCGAATCCCATGGAC ACGCTGAAGGTGTGCGTCCCCTCGCTGGTCTATATCGT TCAAAACAATCTGCTGTACGTCTCTGCCTCCCATTTGG ATGCGGCCACCTACCAGGTGACGTACCAGCTGAAGAT TCTCACCACGGCCATGTTCGCGGTTGTCATTCTGCGCC GCAAGCTGCTGAACACGCAGTGGGGTGCGCTGCTGCT CCTGGTGATGGGCATCGTCCTGGTGCAGTTGGCCCAA ACGGAGGGTCCGACGAGTGGCTCAGCCGGTGGTGCCG CAGCTGCAGCCACGGCCGCCTCCTCTGGCGGTGCTCCC GAGCAGAACAGGATGCTCGGACTGTGGGCCGCACTGG GCGCCTGCTTCCTCTCCGGATTCGCGGGCATCTACTTT GAGAAGATCCTCAAGGGTGCCGAGATCTCCGTGTGGA TGCGGAATGTGCAGTTGAGTCTGCTCAGCATTCCCTTC GGCCTGCTCACCTGTTTCGTTAACGACGGCAGTAGGAT CTTCGACCAGGGATTCTTCAAGGGCTACGATCTGTTTG TCTGGTACCTGGTCCTGCTGCAGGCCGGCGGTGGATTG ATCGTTGCCGTGGTGGTCAAGTACGCGGATAACATTCT CAAGGGCTTCGCCACCTCGCTGGCCATCATCATCTCGT GCGTGGCCTCCATATACATCTTCGACTTCAATCTCACG CTGCAGTTCAGCTTCGGAGCTGGCCTGGTCATCGCCTC CATATTTCTCTACGGCTACGATCCGGCCAGGTCGGCGC CGAAGCCAACTATGCATGGTCCTGGCGGCGATGAGGA GAAGCTGCTGCCGCGCGTCTAG 66 Sequence of the TGGACACAGGAGACTCAGAAACAGACACAGAGCGTTC PpOCH1 TGAGTCCTGGTGCTCCTGACGTAGGCCTAGAACAGGA promoter: ATTATTGGCTTTATTTGTTTGTCCATTTCATAGGCTTGG GGTAATAGATAGATGACAGAGAAATAGAGAAGACCT AATATTTTTTGTTCATGGCAAATCGCGGGTTCGCGGTC GGGTCACACACGGAGAAGTAATGAGAAGAGCTGGTA ATCTGGGGTAAAAGGGTTCAAAAGAAGGTCGCCTGGT AGGGATGCAATACAAGGTTGTCTTGGAGTTTACATTG ACCAGATGATTTGGCTTTTTCTCTGTTCAATTCACATTT TTCAGCGAGAATCGGATTGACGGAGAAATGGCGGGGT GTGGGGTGGATAGATGGCAGAAATGCTCGCAATCACC GCGAAAGAAAGACTTTATGGAATAGAACTACTGGGTG GTGTAAGGATTACATAGCTAGTCCAATGGAGTCCGTT GGAAAGGTAAGAAGAAGCTAAAACCGGCTAAGTAAC TAGGGAAGAATGATCAGACTTTGATTTGATGAGGTCT GAAAATACTCTGCTGCTTTTTCAGTTGCTTTTTCCCTGC AACCTATCATTTTCCTTTTCATAAGCCTGCCTTTTCTGT TTTCACTTATATGAGTTCCGCCGAGACTTCCCCAAATT CTCTCCTGGAACATTCTCTATCGCTCTCCTTCCAAGTT GCGCCCCCTGGCACTGCCTAGTAATATTACCACGCGA CTTATATTCAGTTCCACAATTTCCAGTGTTCGTAGCAA ATATCATCAGCC 67 Sequence of the AATATATACCTCATTTGTTCAATTTGGTGTAAAGAGTG PpALG12 TGGCGGATAGACTTCTTGTAAATCAGGAAAGCTACAA terminator: TTCCAATTGCTGCAAAAAATACCAATGCCCATAAACC AGTATGAGCGGTGCCTTCGACGGATTGCTTACTTTCCG ACCCTTTGTCGTTTGATTCTTCTGCCTTTGGTGAGTCAG TTTGTTTCGACTTTATATCTGACTCATCAACTTCCTTTA CGGTTGCGTTTTTAATCATAATTTTAGCCGTTGGCTTA TTATCCCTTGAGTTGGTAGGAGTTTTGATGATGCTG 68 Sequence of the TAACTGGCCCTTTGACGTTTCTGACAATAGTTCTAGAG 5′-Region used GAGTCGTCCAAAAACTCAACTCTGACTTGGGTGACAC for knock out of CACCACGGGATCCGGTTCTTCCGAGGACCTTGATGAC PpHIS1: CTTGGCTAATGTAACTGGAGTTTTAGTATCCATTTTAA GATGTGTGTTTCTGTAGGTTCTGGGTTGGAAAAAAATT TTAGACACCAGAAGAGAGGAGTGAACTGGTTTGCGTG GGTTTAGACTGTGTAAGGCACTACTCTGTCGAAGTTTT AGATAGGGGTTACCCGCTCCGATGCATGGGAAGCGAT TAGCCCGGCTGTTGCCCGTTTGGTTTTTGAAGGGTAAT TTTCAATATCTCTGTTTGAGTCATCAATTTCATATTCAA AGATTCAAAAACAAAATCTGGTCCAAGGAGCGCATTT AGGATTATGGAGTTGGCGAATCACTTGAACGATAGAC TATTATTTGC 69 Sequence of the GTGACATTCTTGTCTTTGAGATCAGTAATTGTAGAGCA 3′-Region used TAGATAGAATAATATTCAAGACCAACGGCTTCTCTTCG for knock out of GAAGCTCCAAGTAGCTTATAGTGATGAGTACCGGCAT PpHIS1: ATATTTATAGGCTTAAAATTTCGAGGGTTCACTATATT CGTTTAGTGGGAAGAGTTCCTTTCACTCTTGTTATCTA TATTGTCAGCGTGGACTGTTTATAACTGTACCAACTTA GTTTCTTTCAACTCCAGGTTAAGAGACATAAATGTCCT TTGATGCTGACAATAATCAGTGGAATTCAAGGAAGGA CAATCCCGACCTCAATCTGTTCATTAATGAAGAGTTCG AATCGTCCTTAAATCAAGCGCTAGACTCAATTGTCAAT GAGAACCCTTTCTTTGACCAAGAAACTATAAATAGAT CGAATGACAAAGTTGGAAATGAGTCCATTAGCTTACA TGATATTGAGCAGGCAGACCAAAATAAACCGTCCTTT GAGAGCGATATTGATGGTTCGGCGCCGTTGATAAGAG ACGACAAATTGCCAAAGAAACAAAGCTGGGGGCTGA GCAATTTTTTTTCAAGAAGAAATAGCATATGTTTACCA CTACATGAAAATGATTCAAGTGTTGTTAAGACCGAAA GATCTATTGCAGTGGGAACACCCCATCTTCAATACTGC TTCAATGGAATCTCCAATGCCAAGTACAATGCATTTAC CTTTTTCCCAGTCATCCTATACGAGCAATTCAAATTTT TTTTCAATTTATACTTTACTTTAGTGGCTCTCTCTCAAG CGATACCGCAACTTCGCATTGGATATCTTTCTTCGTAT GTCGTCCCACTTTTGTTTGTACTCATAGTGACCATGTC AAAAGAGGCGATGGATGATATTCAACGCCGAAGAAG GGATAGAGAACAGAACAATGAACCATATGAGGTTCTG TCCAGCCCATCACCAGTTTTGTCCAAAAACTTAAAATG TGGTCACTTGGTTCGATTGCATAAGGGAATGAGAGTG CCCGCAGATATGGTTCTTGTCCAGTCAAGCGAATCCAC CGGAGAGTCATTTATCAAGACAGATCAGCTGGATGGT GAGACTGATTGGAAGCTTCGGATTGTTTCTCCAGTTAC ACAATCGTTACCAATGACTGAACTTCAAAATGTCGCC ATCACTGCAAGCGCACCCTCAAAATCAATTCACTCCTT TCTTGGAAGATTGACCTACAATGGGCAATCATATGGT CTTACGATAGACAACACAATGTGGTGTAATACTGTATT AGCTTCTGGTTCAGCAATTGGTTGTATAATTTACACAG GTAAAGATACTCGACAATCGATGAACACAACTCAGCC CAAACTGAAAACGGGCTTGTTAGAACTGGAAATCAAT AGTTTGTCCAAGATCTTATGTGTTTGTGTGTTTGCATT ATCTGTCATCTTAGTGCTATTCCAAGGAATAGCTGATG ATTGGTACGTCGATATCATGCGGTTTCTCATTCTATTC TCCACTATTATCCCAGTGTCTCTGAGAGTTAACCTTGA TCTTGGAAAGTCAGTCCATGCTCATCAAATAGAAACT GATAGCTCAATACCTGAAACCGTTGTTAGAACTAGTA CAATACCGGAAGACCTGGGAAGAATTGAATACCTATT AAGTGACAAAACTGGAACTCTTACTCAAAATGATATG GAAATGAAAAAACTACACCTAGGAACAGTCTCTTATG CTGGTGATACCATGGATATTATTTCTGATCATGTTAAA GGTCTTAATAACGCTAAAACATCGAGGAAAGATCTTG GTATGAGAATAAGAGATTTGGTTACAACTCTGGCCAT CTG 70 DNA encodes AGAGACGATCCAATTAGACCTCCATTGAAGGTTGCTA Drosophila GATCCCCAAGACCAGGTCAATGTCAAGATGTTGTTCA melanogaster GGACGTCCCAAACGTTGATGTCCAGATGTTGGAGTTG ManII codon- TACGATAGAATGTCCTTCAAGGACATTGATGGTGGTG optimized (KD) TTTGGAAGCAGGGTTGGAACATTAAGTACGATCCATT GAAGTACAACGCTCATCACAAGTTGAAGGTCTTCGTT GTCCCACACTCCCACAACGATCCTGGTTGGATTCAGAC CTTCGAGGAATACTACCAGCACGACACCAAGCACATC TTGTCCAACGCTTTGAGACATTTGCACGACAACCCAG AGATGAAGTTCATCTGGGCTGAAATCTCCTACTTCGCT AGATTCTACCACGATTTGGGTGAGAACAAGAAGTTGC AGATGAAGTCCATCGTCAAGAACGGTCAGTTGGAATT CGTCACTGGTGGATGGGTCATGCCAGACGAGGCTAAC TCCCACTGGAGAAACGTTTTGTTGCAGTTGACCGAAG GTCAAACTTGGTTGAAGCAATTCATGAACGTCACTCC AACTGCTTCCTGGGCTATCGATCCATTCGGACACTCTC CAACTATGCCATACATTTTGCAGAAGTCTGGTTTCAAG AATATGTTGATCCAGAGAACCCACTACTCCGTTAAGA AGGAGTTGGCTCAACAGAGACAGTTGGAGTTCTTGTG GAGACAGATCTGGGACAACAAAGGTGACACTGCTTTG TTCACCCACATGATGCCATTCTACTCTTACGACATTCC TCATACCTGTGGTCCAGATCCAAAGGTTTGTTGTCAGT TCGATTTCAAAAGAATGGGTTCCTTCGGTTTGTCTTGT CCATGGAAGGTTCCACCTAGAACTATCTCTGATCAAA ATGTTGCTGCTAGATCCGATTTGTTGGTTGATCAGTGG AAGAAGAAGGCTGAGTTGTACAGAACCAACGTCTTGT TGATTCCATTGGGTGACGACTTCAGATTCAAGCAGAA CACCGAGTGGGATGTTCAGAGAGTCAACTACGAAAGA TTGTTCGAACACATCAACTCTCAGGCTCACTTCAATGT CCAGGCTCAGTTCGGTACTTTGCAGGAATACTTCGATG CTGTTCACCAGGCTGAAAGAGCTGGACAAGCTGAGTT CCCAACCTTGTCTGGTGACTTCTTCACTTACGCTGATA GATCTGATAACTACTGGTCTGGTTACTACACTTCCAGA CCATACCATAAGAGAATGGACAGAGTCTTGATGCACT ACGTTAGAGCTGCTGAAATGTTGTCCGCTTGGCACTCC TGGGACGGTATGGCTAGAATCGAGGAAAGATTGGAGC AGGCTAGAAGAGAGTTGTCCTTGTTCCAGCACCACGA CGGTATTACTGGTACTGCTAAAACTCACGTTGTCGTCG ACTACGAGCAAAGAATGCAGGAAGCTTTGAAAGCTTG TCAAATGGTCATGCAACAGTCTGTCTACAGATTGTTGA CTAAGCCATCCATCTACTCTCCAGACTTCTCCTTCTCCT ACTTCACTTTGGACGACTCCAGATGGCCAGGTTCTGGT GTTGAGGACTCTAGAACTACCATCATCTTGGGTGAGG ATATCTTGCCATCCAAGCATGTTGTCATGCACAACACC TTGCCACACTGGAGAGAGCAGTTGGTTGACTTCTACGT CTCCTCTCCATTCGTTTCTGTTACCGACTTGGCTAACA ATCCAGTTGAGGCTCAGGTTTCTCCAGTTTGGTCTTGG CACCACGACACTTTGACTAAGACTATCCACCCACAAG GTTCCACCACCAAGTACAGAATCATCTTCAAGGCTAG AGTTCCACCAATGGGTTTGGCTACCTACGTTTTGACCA TCTCCGATTCCAAGCCAGAGCACACCTCCTACGCTTCC AATTTGTTGCTTAGAAAGAACCCAACTTCCTTGCCATT GGGTCAATACCCAGAGGATGTCAAGTTCGGTGATCCA AGAGAGATCTCCTTGAGAGTTGGTAACGGTCCAACCT TGGCTTTCTCTGAGCAGGGTTTGTTGAAGTCCATTCAG TTGACTCAGGATTCTCCACATGTTCCAGTTCACTTCAA GTTCTTGAAGTACGGTGTTAGATCTCATGGTGATAGAT CTGGTGCTTACTTGTTCTTGCCAAATGGTCCAGCTTCT CCAGTCGAGTTGGGTCAGCCAGTTGTCTTGGTCACTAA GGGTAAATTGGAGTCTTCCGTTTCTGTTGGTTTGCCAT CTGTCGTTCACCAGACCATCATGAGAGGTGGTGCTCC AGAGATTAGAAATTTGGTCGATATTGGTTCTTTGGACA ACACTGAGATCGTCATGAGATTGGAGACTCATATCGA CTCTGGTGATATCTTCTACACTGATTTGAATGGATTGC AATTCATCAAGAGGAGAAGATTGGACAAGTTGCCATT GCAGGCTAACTACTACCCAATTCCATCTGGTATGTTCA TTGAGGATGCTAATACCAGATTGACTTTGTTGACCGGT CAACCATTGGGTGGATCTTCTTTGGCTTCTGGTGAGTT GGAGATTATGCAAGATAGAAGATTGGCTTCTGATGAT GAAAGAGGTTTGGGTCAGGGTGTTTTGGACAACAAGC CAGTTTTGCATATTTACAGATTGGTCTTGGAGAAGGTT AACAACTGTGTCAGACCATCTAAGTTGCATCCAGCTG GTTACTTGACTTCTGCTGCTCACAAAGCTTCTCAGTCT TTGTTGGATCCATTGGACAAGTTCATCTTCGCTGAAAA TGAGTGGATCGGTGCTCAGGGTCAATTCGGTGGTGAT CATCCATCTGCTAGAGAGGATTTGGATGTCTCTGTCAT GAGAAGATTGACCAAGTCTTCTGCTAAAACCCAGAGA GTTGGTTACGTTTTGCACAGAACCAATTTGATGCAATG TGGTACTCCAGAGGAGCATACTCAGAAGTTGGATGTC TGTCACTTGTTGCCAAATGTTGCTAGATGTGAGAGAAC TACCTTGACTTTCTTGCAGAATTTGGAGCACTTGGATG GTATGGTTGCTCCAGAAGTTTGTCCAATGGAAACCGCT GCTTACGTCTCTTCTCACTCTTCTTGA 71 DNA encodes ATGCTGCTTACCAAAAGGTTTTCAAAGCTGTTCAAGCT Mnn2 leader GACGTTCATAGTTTTGATATTGTGCGGGCTGTTCGTCA (53) TTACAAACAAATACATGGATGAGAACACGTCG 72 Sequence of the CAAGTTGCGTCCGGTATACGTAACGTCTCACGATGATC PpHIS1 AAAGATAATACTTAATCTTCATGGTCTACTGAATAACT auxotrophic CATTTAAACAATTGACTAATTGTACATTATATTGAACT marker: TATGCATCCTATTAACGTAATCTTCTGGCTTCTCTCTCA GACTCCATCAGACACAGAATATCGTTCTCTCTAACTGG TCCTTTGACGTTTCTGACAATAGTTCTAGAGGAGTCGT CCAAAAACTCAACTCTGACTTGGGTGACACCACCACG GGATCCGGTTCTTCCGAGGACCTTGATGACCTTGGCTA ATGTAACTGGAGTTTTAGTATCCATTTTAAGATGTGTG TTTCTGTAGGTTCTGGGTTGGAAAAAAATTTTAGACAC CAGAAGAGAGGAGTGAACTGGTTTGCGTGGGTTTAGA CTGTGTAAGGCACTACTCTGTCGAAGTTTTAGATAGGG GTTACCCGCTCCGATGCATGGGAAGCGATTAGCCCGG CTGTTGCCCGTTTGGTTTTTGAAGGGTAATTTTCAATA TCTCTGTTTGAGTCATCAATTTCATATTCAAAGATTCA AAAACAAAATCTGGTCCAAGGAGCGCATTTAGGATTA TGGAGTTGGCGAATCACTTGAACGATAGACTATTATTT GCTGTTCCTAAAGAGGGCAGATTGTATGAGAAATGCG TTGAATTACTTAGGGGATCAGATATTCAGTTTCGAAGA TCCAGTAGATTGGATATAGCTTTGTGCACTAACCTGCC CCTGGCATTGGTTTTCCTTCCAGCTGCTGACATTCCCA CGTTTGTAGGAGAGGGTAAATGTGATTTGGGTATAAC TGGTATTGACCAGGTTCAGGAAAGTGACGTAGATGTC ATACCTTTATTAGACTTGAATTTCGGTAAGTGCAAGTT GCAGATTCAAGTTCCCGAGAATGGTGACTTGAAAGAA CCTAAACAGCTAATTGGTAAAGAAATTGTTTCCTCCTT TACTAGCTTAACCACCAGGTACTTTGAACAACTGGAA GGAGTTAAGCCTGGTGAGCCACTAAAGACAAAAATCA AATATGTTGGAGGGTCTGTTGAGGCCTCTTGTGCCCTA GGAGTTGCCGATGCTATTGTGGATCTTGTTGAGAGTGG AGAAACCATGAAAGCGGCAGGGCTGATCGATATTGAA ACTGTTCTTTCTACTTCCGCTTACCTGATCTCTTCGAAG CATCCTCAACACCCAGAACTGATGGATACTATCAAGG AGAGAATTGAAGGTGTACTGACTGCTCAGAAGTATGT CTTGTGTAATTACAACGCACCTAGAGGTAACCTTCCTC AGCTGCTAAAACTGACTCCAGGCAAGAGAGCTGCTAC CGTTTCTCCATTAGATGAAGAAGATTGGGTGGGAGTG TCCTCGATGGTAGAGAAGAAAGATGTTGGAAGAATCA TGGACGAATTAAAGAAACAAGGTGCCAGTGACATTCT TGTCTTTGAGATCAGTAATTGTAGAGCATAGATAGAA TAATATTCAAGACCAACGGCTTCTCTTCGGAAGCTCCA AGTAGCTTATAGTGATGAGTACCGGCATATATTTATAG GCTTAAAATTTCGAGGGTTCACTATATTCGTTTAGTGG GAAGAGTTCCTTTCACTCTTGTTATCTATATTGTCAGC GTGGACTGTTTATAACTGTACCAACTTAGTTTCTTTCA ACTCCAGGTTAAGAGACATAAATGTCCTTTGATGC 73 DNA encodes TCCTTGGTTTACCAATTGAACTTCGACCAGATGTTGAG Rat GnT II AAACGTTGACAAGGACGGTACTTGGTCTCCTGGTGAG (TC) TTGGTTTTGGTTGTTCAGGTTCACAACAGACCAGAGTA Codon- CTTGAGATTGTTGATCGACTCCTTGAGAAAGGCTCAA optimized GGTATCAGAGAGGTTTTGGTTATCTTCTCCCACGATTT CTGGTCTGCTGAGATCAACTCCTTGATCTCCTCCGTTG ACTTCTGTCCAGTTTTGCAGGTTTTCTTCCCATTCTCCA TCCAATTGTACCCATCTGAGTTCCCAGGTTCTGATCCA AGAGACTGTCCAAGAGACTTGAAGAAGAACGCTGCTT TGAAGTTGGGTTGTATCAACGCTGAATACCCAGATTCT TTCGGTCACTACAGAGAGGCTAAGTTCTCCCAAACTA AGCATCATTGGTGGTGGAAGTTGCACTTTGTTTGGGAG AGAGTTAAGGTTTTGCAGGACTACACTGGATTGATCTT GTTCTTGGAGGAGGATCATTACTTGGCTCCAGACTTCT ACCACGTTTTCAAGAAGATGTGGAAGTTGAAGCAACA AGAGTGTCCAGGTTGTGACGTTTTGTCCTTGGGAACTT ACACTACTATCAGATCCTTCTACGGTATCGCTGACAAG GTTGACGTTAAGACTTGGAAGTCCACTGAACACAACA TGGGATTGGCTTTGACTAGAGATGCTTACCAGAAGTT GATCGAGTGTACTGACACTTTCTGTACTTACGACGACT ACAACTGGGACTGGACTTTGCAGTACTTGACTTTGGCT TGTTTGCCAAAAGTTTGGAAGGTTTTGGTTCCACAGGC TCCAAGAATTTTCCACGCTGGTGACTGTGGAATGCACC ACAAGAAAACTTGTAGACCATCCACTCAGTCCGCTCA AATTGAGTCCTTGTTGAACAACAACAAGCAGTACTTG TTCCCAGAGACTTTGGTTATCGGAGAGAAGTTTCCAAT GGCTGCTATTTCCCCACCAAGAAAGAATGGTGGATGG GGTGATATTAGAGACCACGAGTTGTGTAAATCCTACA GAAGATTGCAGTAG 74 DNA encodes ATGCTGCTTACCAAAAGGTTTTCAAAGCTGTTCAAGCT Mnn2 leader GACGTTCATAGTTTTGATATTGTGCGGGCTGTTCGTCA (54) TTACAAACAAATACATGGATGAGAACACGTCGGTCAA The last 9 GGAGTACAAGGAGTACTTAGACAGATATGTCCAGAGT nucleotides are TACTCCAATAAGTATTCATCTTCCTCAGACGCCGCCAG the linker CGCTGACGATTCAACCCCATTGAGGGACAATGATGAG containing the GCAGGCAATGAAAAGTTGAAAAGCTTCTACAACAACG AscI restriction TTTTCAACTTTCTAATGGTTGATTCGCCCGGGCGCGCC site) 75 Sequence of the GATCTGGCCTTCCCTGAATTTTTACGTCCAGCTATACG 5′-Region used ATCCGTTGTGACTGTATTTCCTGAAATGAAGTTTCAAC for knock out of CTAAAGTTTTGGTTGTACTTGCTCCACCTACCACGGAA PpARG1: ACTAATATCGAAACCAATGAAAAAGTAGAACTGGAAT CGTCAATCGAAATTCGCAACCAAGTGGAACCCAAAGA CTTGAATCTTTCTAAAGTCTATTCTAGTGACACTAATG GCAACAGAAGATTTGAGCTGACTTTTCAAATGAATCT CAATAATGCAATATCAACATCAGACAATCAATGGGCT TTGTCTAGTGACACAGGATCAATTATAGTAGTGTCTTC TGCAGGAAGAATAACTTCCCCGATCCTAGAAGTCGGG GCATCCGTCTGTGTCTTAAGATCGTACAACGAACACCT TTTGGCAATAACTTGTGAAGGAACATGCTTTTCATGGA ATTTAAAGAAGCAAGAATGTGTTCTAAACAGCATTTC ATTAGCACCTATAGTCAATTCACACATGCTAGTTAAGA AAGTTGGAGATGCAAGGAACTATTCTATTGTATCTGCC GAAGGAGACAACAATCCGTTACCCCAGATTCTAGACT GCGAACTTTCCAAAAATGGCGCTCCAATTGTGGCTCTT AGCACGAAAGACATCTACTCTTATTCAAAGAAAATGA AATGCTGGATCCATTTGATTGATTCGAAATACTTTGAA TTGTTGGGTGCTGACAATGCACTGTTTGAGTGTGTGGA AGCGCTAGAAGGTCCAATTGGAATGCTAATTCATAGA TTGGTAGATGAGTTCTTCCATGAAAACACTGCCGGTA AAAAACTCAAACTTTACAACAAGCGAGTACTGGAGGA CCTTTCAAATTCACTTGAAGAACTAGGTGAAAATGCG TCTCAATTAAGAGAGAAACTTGACAAACTCTATGGTG ATGAGGTTGAGGCTTCTTGACCTCTTCTCTCTATCTGC GTTTCTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCAGTTGAG CCAGACCGCGCTAAACGCATACCAATTGCCAAATCAG GCAATTGTGAGACAGTGGTAAAAAAGATGCCTGCAAA GTTAGATTCACACAGTAAGAGAGATCCTACTCATAAA TGAGGCGCTTATTTAGTAGCTAGTGATAGCCACTGCG GTTCTGCTTTATGCTATTTGTTGTATGCCTTACTATCTT TGTTTGGCTCCTTTTTCTTGACGTTTTCCGTTGGAGGGA CTCCCTATTCTGAGTCATGAGCCGCACAGATTATCGCC CAAAATTGACAAAATCTTCTGGCGAAAAAAGTATAAA AGGAGAAAAAAGCTCACCCTTTTCCAGCGTAGAAAGT ATATATCAGTCATTGAAGAC 76 Sequence of the GGGACTTTAACTCAAGTAAAAGGATAGTTGTACAATT 3′-Region used ATATATACGAAGAATAAATCATTACAAAAAGTATTCG for knock out of TTTCTTTGATTCTTAACAGGATTCATTTTCTGGGTGTCA PpARG1: TCAGGTACAGCGCTGAATATCTTGAAGTTAACATCGA GCTCATCATCGACGTTCATCACACTAGCCACGTTTCCG CAACGGTAGCAATAATTAGGAGCGGACCACACAGTGA CGACATCTTTCTCTTTGAAATGGTATCTGAAGCCTTCC ATGACCAATTGATGGGCTCTAGCGATGAGTTGCAAGT TATTAATGTGGTTGAACTCACGTGCTACTCGAGCACCG AATAACCAGCCAGCTCCACGAGGAGAAACAGCCCAAC TGTCGACTTCATCTGGGTCAGACCAAACCAAGTCACA AAATCCTCCTTCATGAGGGACCTCTTGCGCTCGGCTGA GAACTCTGATTTGATCTAACATGCGAATATCGGGAGA GAGACCACCATGGATACATAATATTTTACCATCAATG ATGGCACTAAGGGTTAAAAAGTCGAACACCTGGCAAC AGTACTTCCAGACAGTGGTGGAACCATATTTATTGAG ACATTCCTCATAAAATCCATAAACCTGAGTGATCTGTC TGGATTCATGATTTCCCCTTACCAATGTGATATGTTGA GGAAACTTAATTTTTAAAATCATGAGTAACGTGAACG TCTCCAACGAGAAATAGCCTCTATCCACATAGTCTCCT AGGAAGATATAGTTCTGTTTTATTCCATTAGAGGAGG ATCCGGGAAACCCACCACTAATCTTGAAAAGTTCCAG TAGATCGTGAAATTGGCCGTGAATATCTCCGCATACTG TCACTGGACTCTGCACTGGCTGTATATTGGATTCCTCC ATCAGCAAATCCTTCACCCGTTCGCAAAGATGCTTCAT ATCATTTTCACTTAAAGCCTTGCAGCTTTTGACTTCTTC AAACCACTGATCTGGTCCTCTTTCTGGCATGATTAAGG TCTATAATATTTCTGAGCTGAGATGTAAAAAAAAATA ATAAAAATGGGGAGTGAAAAAGTGTGTAGCTTTTAGG AGTTTGGGATTGATACCCCAAAATGATCTTTATGAGA ATTAAAAGGTAGATACGCTTTTAATAAGAACACCTAT CTATAGTACTTTGTGGTCTTGAGTAATTGAGATGTTCA GCTTCTGAGGTTTGCCGTTATTCTGGGATAGTAGTGCG CGACCAAACAACCCGCCAGGCAAAGTGTGTTGTGCTC GAAGACGATTGCCAGAAGAGTAAGTCCGTCCTGCCTC AGATGTTACACACTTTCTTCCCTAGACAGTCGATGCAT CATCGGATTTAAACCTGAAACTTTGATGCCATGATACG CCTAGTCACGTCGACTGAGATTTTAGATAAGCCCCGAT CCCTTTAGTACATTCCTGTTATCCATGGATGGAATGGC CTGATA 77 Sequence of the AAGCTTGTTCACCGTTGGGACTTTTCCGTGGACAATGT 5′-Region used TGACTACTCCAGGAGGGATTCCAGCTTTCTCTACTAGC for knock out of TCAGCAATAATCAATGCAGCCCCAGGCGCCCGTTCTG BMT4 ATGGCTTGATGACCGTTGTATTGCCTGTCACTATAGCC AGGGGTAGGGTCCATAAAGGAATCATAGCAGGGAAA TTAAAAGGGCATATTGATGCAATCACTCCCAATGGCT CTCTTGCCATTGAAGTCTCCATATCAGCACTAACTTCC AAGAAGGACCCCTTCAAGTCTGACGTGATAGAGCACG CTTGCTCTGCCACCTGTAGTCCTCTCAAAACGTCACCT TGTGCATCAGCAAAGACTTTACCTTGCTCCAATACTAT GACGGAGGCAATTCTGTCAAAATTCTCTCTCAGCAATT CAACCAACTTGAAAGCAAATTGCTGTCTCTTGATGATG GAGACTTTTTTCCAAGATTGAAATGCAATGTGGGACG ACTCAATTGCTTCTTCCAGCTCCTCTTCGGTTGATTGA GGAACTTTTGAAACCACAAAATTGGTCGTTGGGTCAT GTACATCAAACCATTCTGTAGATTTAGATTCGACGAA AGCGTTGTTGATGAAGGAAAAGGTTGGATACGGTTTG TCGGTCTCTTTGGTATGGCCGGTGGGGTATGCAATTGC AGTAGAAGATAATTGGACAGCCATTGTTGAAGGTAGA GAAAAGGTCAGGGAACTTGGGGGTTATTTATACCATT TTACCCCACAAATAACAACTGAAAAGTACCCATTCCA TAGTGAGAGGTAACCGACGGAAAAAGACGGGCCCAT GTTCTGGGACCAATAGAACTGTGTAATCCATTGGGAC TAATCAACAGACGATTGGCAATATAATGAAATAGTTC GTTGAAAAGCCACGTCAGCTGTCTTTTCATTAACTTTG GTCGGACACAACATTTTCTACTGTTGTATCTGTCCTAC TTTGCTTATCATCTGCCACAGGGCAAGTGGATTTCCTT CTCGCGCGGCTGGGTGAAAACGGTTAACGTGAA 78 Sequence of the GCCTTGGGGGACTTCAAGTCTTTGCTAGAAACTAGAT 3′-Region used GAGGTCAGGCCCTCTTATGGTTGTGTCCCAATTGGGCA for knock out of ATTTCACTCACCTAAAAAGCATGACAATTATTTAGCGA BMT4 AATAGGTAGTATATTTTCCCTCATCTCCCAAGCAGTTT CGTTTTTGCATCCATATCTCTCAAATGAGCAGCTACGA CTCATTAGAACCAGAGTCAAGTAGGGGTGAGCTCAGT CATCAGCCTTCGTTTCTAAAACGATTGAGTTCTTTTGT TGCTACAGGAAGCGCCCTAGGGAACTTTCGCACTTTG GAAATAGATTTTGATGACCAAGAGCGGGAGTTGATAT TAGAGAGGCTGTCCAAAGTACATGGGATCAGGCCGGC CAAATTGATTGGTGTGACTAAACCATTGTGTACTTGGA CACTCTATTACAAAAGCGAAGATGATTTGAAGTATTA CAAGTCCCGAAGTGTTAGAGGATTCTATCGAGCCCAG AATGAAATCATCAACCGTTATCAGCAGATTGATAAAC TCTTGGAAAGCGGTATCCCATTTTCATTATTGAAGAAC TACGATAATGAAGATGTGAGAGACGGCGACCCTCTGA ACGTAGACGAAGAAACAAATCTACTTTTGGGGTACAA TAGAGAAAGTGAATCAAGGGAGGTATTTGTGGCCATA ATACTCAACTCTATCATTAATG 79 Sequence of the CATATGGTGAGAGCCGTTCTGCACAACTAGATGTTTTC 5′-Region used GAGCTTCGCATTGTTTCCTGCAGCTCGACTATTGAATT for knock out of AAGATTTCCGGATATCTCCAATCTCACAAAAACTTATG BMT1 TTGACCACGTGCTTTCCTGAGGCGAGGTGTTTTATATG CAAGCTGCCAAAAATGGAAAACGAATGGCCATTTTTC GCCCAGGCAAATTATTCGATTACTGCTGTCATAAAGA CAGTGTTGCAAGGCTCACATTTTTTTTTAGGATCCGAG ATAAAGTGAATACAGGACAGCTTATCTCTATATCTTGT ACCATTCGTGAATCTTAAGAGTTCGGTTAGGGGGACT CTAGTTGAGGGTTGGCACTCACGTATGGCTGGGCGCA GAAATAAAATTCAGGCGCAGCAGCACTTATCGATG 80 Sequence of the GAATTCACAGTTATAAATAAAAACAAAAACTCAAAAA 3′-Region used GTTTGGGCTCCACAAAATAACTTAATTTAAATTTTTGT for knock out of CTAATAAATGAATGTAATTCCAAGATTATGTGATGCA BMT1 AGCACAGTATGCTTCAGCCCTATGCAGCTACTAATGTC AATCTCGCCTGCGAGCGGGCCTAGATTTTCACTACAA ATTTCAAAACTACGCGGATTTATTGTCTCAGAGAGCA ATTTGGCATTTCTGAGCGTAGCAGGAGGCTTCATAAG ATTGTATAGGACCGTACCAACAAATTGCCGAGGCACA ACACGGTATGCTGTGCACTTATGTGGCTACTTCCCTAC AACGGAATGAAACCTTCCTCTTTCCGCTTAAACGAGA AAGTGTGTCGCAATTGAATGCAGGTGCCTGTGCGCCTT GGTGTATTGTTTTTGAGGGCCCAATTTATCAGGCGCCT TTTTTCTTGGTTGTTTTCCCTTAGCCTCAAGCAAGGTTG GTCTATTTCATCTCCGCTTCTATACCGTGCCTGATACT GTTGGATGAGAACACGACTCAACTTCCTGCTGCTCTGT ATTGCCAGTGTTTTGTCTGTGATTTGGATCGGAGTCCT CCTTACTTGGAATGATAATAATCTTGGCGGAATCTCCC TAAACGGAGGCAAGGATTCTGCCTATGATGATCTGCT ATCATTGGGAAGCTT 81 Sequence of the GATATCTCCCTGGGGACAATATGTGTTGCAACTGTTCG 5′-Region used TTGTTGGTGCCCCAGTCCCCCAACCGGTACTAATCGGT for knock out of CTATGTTCCCGTAACTCATATTCGGTTAGAACTAGAAC BMT3 AATAAGTGCATCATTGTTCAACATTGTGGTTCAATTGT CGAACATTGCTGGTGCTTATATCTACAGGGAAGACGA TAAGCCTTTGTACAAGAGAGGTAACAGACAGTTAATT GGTATTTCTTTGGGAGTCGTTGCCCTCTACGTTGTCTC CAAGACATACTACATTCTGAGAAACAGATGGAAGACT CAAAAATGGGAGAAGCTTAGTGAAGAAGAGAAAGTT GCCTACTTGGACAGAGCTGAGAAGGAGAACCTGGGTT CTAAGAGGCTGGACTTTTTGTTCGAGAGTTAAACTGCA TAATTTTTTCTAAGTAAATTTCATAGTTATGAAATTTCT GCAGCTTAGTGTTTACTGCATCGTTTACTGCATCACCC TGTAAATAATGTGAGCTTTTTTCCTTCCATTGCTTGGT ATCTTCCTTGCTGCTGTTT 82 Sequence of the ACAAAACAGTCATGTACAGAACTAACGCCTTTAAGAT 3′-Region used GCAGACCACTGAAAAGAATTGGGTCCCATTTTTCTTGA for knock out of AAGACGACCAGGAATCTGTCCATTTTGTTTACTCGTTC BMT3 AATCCTCTGAGAGTACTCAACTGCAGTCTTGATAACG GTGCATGTGATGTTCTATTTGAGTTACCACATGATTTT GGCATGTCTTCCGAGCTACGTGGTGCCACTCCTATGCT CAATCTTCCTCAGGCAATCCCGATGGCAGACGACAAA GAAATTTGGGTTTCATTCCCAAGAACGAGAATATCAG ATTGCGGGTGTTCTGAAACAATGTACAGGCCAATGTT AATGCTTTTTGTTAGAGAAGGAACAAACTTTTTTGCTG AGC 83 DNA encodes Tr CGCGCCGGATCTCCCAACCCTACGAGGGCGGCAGCAG ManI catalytic TCAAGGCCGCATTCCAGACGTCGTGGAACGCTTACCA domain CCATTTTGCCTTTCCCCATGACGACCTCCACCCGGTCA GCAACAGCTTTGATGATGAGAGAAACGGCTGGGGCTC GTCGGCAATCGATGGCTTGGACACGGCTATCCTCATG GGGGATGCCGACATTGTGAACACGATCCTTCAGTATG TACCGCAGATCAACTTCACCACGACTGCGGTTGCCAA CCAAGGCATCTCCGTGTTCGAGACCAACATTCGGTAC CTCGGTGGCCTGCTTTCTGCCTATGACCTGTTGCGAGG TCCTTTCAGCTCCTTGGCGACAAACCAGACCCTGGTAA ACAGCCTTCTGAGGCAGGCTCAAACACTGGCCAACGG CCTCAAGGTTGCGTTCACCACTCCCAGCGGTGTCCCGG ACCCTACCGTCTTCTTCAACCCTACTGTCCGGAGAAGT GGTGCATCTAGCAACAACGTCGCTGAAATTGGAAGCC TGGTGCTCGAGTGGACACGGTTGAGCGACCTGACGGG AAACCCGCAGTATGCCCAGCTTGCGCAGAAGGGCGAG TCGTATCTCCTGAATCCAAAGGGAAGCCCGGAGGCAT GGCCTGGCCTGATTGGAACGTTTGTCAGCACGAGCAA CGGTACCTTTCAGGATAGCAGCGGCAGCTGGTCCGGC CTCATGGACAGCTTCTACGAGTACCTGATCAAGATGT ACCTGTACGACCCGGTTGCGTTTGCACACTACAAGGA TCGCTGGGTCCTTGCTGCCGACTCGACCATTGCGCATC TCGCCTCTCACCCGTCGACGCGCAAGGACTTGACCTTT TTGTCTTCGTACAACGGACAGTCTACGTCGCCAAACTC AGGACATTTGGCCAGTTTTGCCGGTGGCAACTTCATCT TGGGAGGCATTCTCCTGAACGAGCAAAAGTACATTGA CTTTGGAATCAAGCTTGCCAGCTCGTACTTTGCCACGT ACAACCAGACGGCTTCTGGAATCGGCCCCGAAGGCTT CGCGTGGGTGGACAGCGTGACGGGCGCCGGCGGCTCG CCGCCCTCGTCCCAGTCCGGGTTCTACTCGTCGGCAGG ATTCTGGGTGACGGCACCGTATTACATCCTGCGGCCG GAGACGCTGGAGAGCTTGTACTACGCATACCGCGTCA CGGGCGACTCCAAGTGGCAGGACCTGGCGTGGGAAGC GTTCAGTGCCATTGAGGACGCATGCCGCGCCGGCAGC GCGTACTCGTCCATCAACGACGTGACGCAGGCCAACG GCGGGGGTGCCTCTGACGATATGGAGAGCTTCTGGTT TGCCGAGGCGCTCAAGTATGCGTACCTGATCTTTGCGG AGGAGTCGGATGTGCAGGTGCAGGCCAACGGCGGGA ACAAATTTGTCTTTAACACGGAGGCGCACCCCTTTAGC ATCCGTTCATCATCACGACGGGGCGGCCACCTTGCTTAA 84 5′ARG1 and TACCAATTGCCAAATCAGGCAATTGTGAGACAGTGGTAAA ORF AAAGATGCCTGCAAAGTTAGATTCACACAGTAAGAGAGAT CCTACTCATAAATGAGGCGCTTATTTAGTAGCTAGTGATAG CCACTGCGGTTCTGCTTTATGCTATTTGTTGTATGCCTTACT ATCTTTGTTTGGCTCCTTTTTCTTGACGTTTTCCGTTGGAGG GACTCCCTATTCTGAGTCATGAGCCGCACAGATTATCGCCC AAAATTGACAAAATCTTCTGGCGAAAAAAGTATAAAAGGA GAAAAAAGCTCACCCTTTTCCAGCGTAGAAAGTATATATCA GTCATTGAAGACTATTATTTAAATAACACAATGTCTAAAGG AAAAGTTTGTTTGGCCTACTCCGGTGGTTTGGATACCTCCA TCATCCTAGCTTGGTTGTTGGAGCAGGGATACGAAGTCGTT GCCTTTTTAGCCAACATTGGTCAAGAGGAAGACTTTGAGGC TGCTAGAGAGAAAGCTCTGAAGATCGGTGCTACCAAGTTTA TCGTCAGTGACGTTAGGAAGGAATTTGTTGAGGAAGTTTTG TTCCCAGCAGTCCAAGTTAACGCTATCTACGAGAACGTCTA CTTACTGGGTACCTCTTTGGCCAGACCAGTCATTGCCAAGG CCCAAATAGAGGTTGCTGAACAAGAAGGTTGTTTTGCTGTT GCCCACGGTTGTACCGGAAAGGGTAACGATCAGGTTAGAT TTGAGCTTTCCTTTTATGCTCTGAAGCCTGACGTTGTCTGTA TCGCCCCATGGAGAGACCCAGAATTCTTCGAAAGATTCGCT GGTAGAAATGACTTGCTGAATTACGCTGCTGAGAAGGATAT TCCAGTTGCTCAGACTAAAGCCAAGCCATGGTCTACTGATG AGAACATGGCTCACATCTCCTTCGAGGCTGGTATTCTAGAA GATCCAAACACTACTCCTCCAAAGGACATGTGGAAGCTCAC TGTTGACCCAGAAGATGCACCAGACAAGCCAGAGTTCTTTG ACGTCCACTTTGAGAAGGGTAAGCCAGTTAAATTAGTTCTC GAGAACAAAACTGAGGTCACCGATCCGGTTGAGATCTTTTT GACTGCTAACGCCATTGCTAGAAGAAACGGTGTTGGTAGA ATTGACATTGTCGAGAACAGATTCATCGGAATCAAGTCCAG AGGTTGTTATGAAACTCCAGGTTTGACTCTACTGAGAACCA CTCACATCGACTTGGAAGGTCTTACCGTTGACCGTGAAGTT AGATCGATCAGAGACACTTTTGTTACCCCAACCTACTCTAA GTTGTTATACAACGGGTTGTACTTTACCCCAGAAGGTGAGT ACGTCAGAACTATGATTCAGCCTTCTCAAAACACCGTCAAC GGTGTTGTTAGAGCCAAGGCCTACAAAGGTAATGTGTATAA CCTAGGAAGATACTCTGAAACCGAGAAATTGTACGATGCT ACCGAATCTTCCATGGATGAGTTGACCGGATTCCACCCTCA AGAAGCTGGAGGATTTATCACAACACAAGCCATCAGAATC AAGAAGTACGGAGAAAGTGTCAGAGAGAAGGGAAAGTTTT TGGGACTTTAACTCAAGTAAAAGGATAGTTGTACAATTATA TATACGAAGAATAAATCATTACAAAAAGTATTCGTTTCTTT GATTCTTAACAGGATTCATTTTCTGGGTGTCATCAGGTACA GCGCTGAATATCTTGAAGTTAACATCGAGCTCATCATCGAC GTTCATCACACTAGCCACGTTTCCGCAACGGTAG 85 PpCITI TT CCGGCCATTTAAATATGTGACGACTGGGTGATCCGGGTTAG TGAGTTGTTCTCCCATCTGTATATTTTTCATTTACGATGAAT ACGAAATGAGTATTAAGAAATCAGGCGTAGCAATATGGGC AGTGTTCAGTCCTGTCATAGATGGCAAGCACTGGCACATCC TTAATAGGTTAGAGAAAATCATTGAATCATTTGGGTGGTGA AAAAAAATTGATGTAAACAAGCCACCCACGCTGGGAGTCG AACCCAGAATCTTTTGATTAGAAGTCAAACGCGTTAACCAT TACGCTACGCAGGCATGTTTCACGTCCATTTTTGATTGCTTT CTATCATAATCTAAAGATGTGAACTCAATTAGTTGCAATTT GACCAATTCTTCCATTACAAGTCGTGCTTCCTCCGTTGATGC AAC 86 Ashbya gossypii GATCTGTTTAGCTTGCCTCGTCCCCGCCGGGTCACCCG TEF1 promoter GCCAGCGACATGGAGGCCCAGAATACCCTCCTTGACA GTCTTGACGTGCGCAGCTCAGGGGCATGATGTGACTG TCGCCCGTACATTTAGCCCATACATCCCCATGTATAAT CATTTGCATCCATACATTTTGATGGCCGCACGGCGCGA AGCAAAAATTACGGCTCCTCGCTGCAGACCTGCGAGC AGGGAAACGCTCCCCTCACAGACGCGTTGAATTGTCC CCACGCCGCGCCCCTGTAGAGAAATATAAAAGGTTAG GATTTGCCACTGAGGTTCTTCTTTCATATACTTCCTTTT AAAATCTTGCTAGGATACAGTTCTCACATCACATCCGA ACATAAACAACC 87 Ashbya gossypii TAATCAGTACTGACAATAAAAAGATTCTTGTTTTCAAG TEF1 AACTTGTCATTTGTATAGTTTTTTTATATTGTAGTTGTT termination CTATTTTAATCAAATGTTAGCGTGATTTATATTTTTTTT sequence CGCCTCGACATCATCTGCCCAGATGCGAAGTTAAGTG CGCAGAAAGTAATATCATGCGTCAATCGTATGTGAAT GCTGGTCGCTATACTGCTGTCGATTCGATACTAACGCC GCCATCCAGTGTCGAAAAC 88 Sequence of the AAATGCGTACCTCTTCTACGAGATTCAAGCGAATGAG PpPMA1 AATAATGTAATATGCAAGATCAGAAAGAATGAAAGG promoter: AGTTGAAAAAAAAAACCGTTGCGTTTTGACCTTGAAT GGGGTGGAGGTTTCCATTCAAAGTAAAGCCTGTGTCTT GGTATTTTCGGCGGCACAAGAAATCGTAATTTTCATCT TCTAAACGATGAAGATCGCAGCCCAACCTGTATGTAG TTAACCGGTCGGAATTATAAGAAAGATTTTCGATCAA CAAACCCTAGCAAATAGAAAGCAGGGTTACAACTTTA AACCGAAGTCACAAACGATAAACCACTCAGCTCCCAC CCAAATTCATTCCCACTAGCAGAAAGGAATTATTTAAT CCCTCAGGAAACCTCGATGATTCTCCCGTTCTTCCATG GGCGGGTATCGCAAAATGAGGAATTTTTCAAATTTCTC TATTGTCAAGACTGTTTATTATCTAAGAAATAGCCCAA TCCGAAGCTCAGTTTTGAAAAAATCACTTCCGCGTTTC TTTTTTACAGCCCGATGAATATCCAAATTTGGAATATG GATTACTCTATCGGGACTGCAGATAATATGACAACAA CGCAGATTACATTTTAGGTAAGGCATAAACACCAGCC AGAAATGAAACGCCCACTAGCCATGGTCGAATAGTCC AATGAATTCAGATAGCTATGGTCTAAAAGCTGATGTTT TTTATTGGGTAATGGCGAAGAGTCCAGTACGACTTCC AGCAGAGCTGAGATGGCCATTTTTGGGGGTATTAGTA ACTTTTTGAGCTCTTTTCACTTCGATGAAGTGTCCCATT CGGGATATAATCGGATCGCGTCGTTTTCTCGAAAATAC AGCTTAGCGTCGTCCGCTTGTTGTAAAAGCAGCACCA CATTCCTAATCTCTTATATAAACAAAACAACCCAAATT ATCAGTGCTGTTTTCCCACCAGATATAAGTTTCTTTTCT CTTCCGCTTTTTGATTTTTTATCTCTTTCCTTTAAAAAC TTCTTTACCTTAAAGGGCGGCC 89 Sequence of the GAAGGGCCATCGAATTGTCATCGTCTCCTCAGGTGCC 5′-region that ATCGCTGTGGGCATGAAGAGAGTCAACATGAAGCGGA was used to AACCAAAAAAGTTACAGCAAGTGCAGGCATTGGCTGC knock into the TATAGGACAAGGCCGTTTGATAGGACTTTGGGACGAC PpPRO1 locus: CTTTTCCGTCAGTTGAATCAGCCTATTGCGCAGATTTT ACTGACTAGAACGGATTTGGTCGATTACACCCAGTTTA AGAACGCTGAAAATACATTGGAACAGCTTATTAAAAT GGGTATTATTCCTATTGTCAATGAGAATGACACCCTAT CCATTCAAGAAATCAAATTTGGTGACAATGACACCTT ATCCGCCATAACAGCTGGTATGTGTCATGCAGACTAC CTGTTTTTGGTGACTGATGTGGACTGTCTTTACACGGA TAACCCTCGTACGAATCCGGACGCTGAGCCAATCGTG TTAGTTAGAAATATGAGGAATCTAAACGTCAATACCG AAAGTGGAGGTTCCGCCGTAGGAACAGGAGGAATGA CAACTAAATTGATCGCAGCTGATTTGGGTGTATCTGCA GGTGTTACAACGATTATTTGCAAAAGTGAACATCCCG AGCAGATTTTGGACATTGTAGAGTACAGTATCCGTGCT GATAGAGTCGAAAATGAGGCTAAATATCTGGTCATCA ACGAAGAGGAAACTGTGGAACAATTTCAAGAGATCAA TCGGTCAGAACTGAGGGAGTTGAACAAGCTGGACATT CCTTTGCATACACGTTTCGTTGGCCACAGTTTTAATGC TGTTAATAACAAAGAGTTTTGGTTACTCCATGGACTAA AGGCCAACGGAGCCATTATCATTGATCCAGGTTGTTAT AAGGCTATCACTAGAAAAAACAAAGCTGGTATTCTTC CAGCTGGAATTATTTCCGTAGAGGGTAATTTCCATGAA TACGAGTGTGTTGATGTTAAGGTAGGACTAAGAGATC CAGATGACCCACATTCACTAGACCCCAATGAAGAACT TTACGTCGTTGGCCGTGCCCGTTGTAATTACCCCAGCA ATCAAATCAACAAAATTAAGGGTCTACAAAGCTCGCA GATCGAGCAGGTTCTAGGTTACGCTGACGGTGAGTAT GTTGTTCACAGGGACAACTTGGCTTTCCCAGTATTTGC CGATCCAGAACTGTTGGATGTTGTTGAGAGTACCCTGT CTGAACAGGAGAGAGAATCCAAACCAAATAAATAG 90 Sequence of the AATTTCACATATGCTGCTTGATTATGTAATTATACCTT 3′-region that GCGTTCGATGGCATCGATTTCCTCTTCTGTCAATCGCG was used to CATCGCATTAAAAGTATACTTTTTTTTTTTTCCTATAGT knock into the ACTATTCGCCTTATTATAAACTTTGCTAGTATGAGTTC PpPRO1 locus: TACCCCCAAGAAAGAGCCTGATTTGACTCCTAAGAAG AGTCAGCCTCCAAAGAATAGTCTCGGTGGGGGTAAAG GCTTTAGTGAGGAGGGTTTCTCCCAAGGGGACTTCAG CGCTAAGCATATACTAAATCGTCGCCCTAACACCGAA GGCTCTTCTGTGGCTTCGAACGTCATCAGTTCGTCATC ATTGCAAAGGTTACCATCCTCTGGATCTGGAAGCGTTG CTGTGGGAAGTGTGTTGGGATCTTCGCCATTAACTCTT TCTGGAGGGTTCCACGGGCTTGATCCAACCAAGAATA AAATAGACGTTCCAAAGTCGAAACAGTCAAGGAGACA AAGTGTTCTTTCTGACATGATTTCCACTTCTCATGCAG CTAGAAATGATCACTCAGAGCAGCAGTTACAAACTGG ACAACAATCAGAACAAAAAGAAGAAGATGGTAGTCG ATCTTCTTTTTCTGTTTCTTCCCCCGCAAGAGATATCCG GCACCCAGATGTACTGAAAACTGTCGAGAAACATCTT GCCAATGACAGCGAGATCGACTCATCTTTACAACTTC AAGGTGGAGATGTCACTAGAGGCATTTATCAATGGGT AACTGGAGAAAGTAGTCAAAAAGATAACCCGCCTTTG AAACGAGCAAATAGTTTTAATGATTTTTCTTCTGTGCA TGGTGACGAGGTAGGCAAGGCAGATGCTGACCACGAT CGTGAAAGCGTATTCGACGAGGATGATATCTCCATTG ATGATATCAAAGTTCCGGGAGGGATGCGTCGAAGTTT TTTATTACAAAAGCATAGAGACCAACAACTTTCTGGA CTGAATAAAACGGCTCACCAACCAAAACAACTTACTA AACCTAATTTCTTCACGAACAACTTTATAGAGTTTTTG GCATTGTATGGGCATTTTGCAGGTGAAGATTTGGAGG AAGACGAAGATGAAGATTTAGACAGTGGTTCCGAATC AGTCGCAGTCAGTGATAGTGAGGGAGAATTCAGTGAG GCTGACAACAATTTGTTGTATGATGAAGAGTCTCTCCT ATTAGCACCTAGTACCTCCAACTATGCGAGATCAAGA ATAGGAAGTATTCGTACTCCTACTTATGGATCTTTCAG TTCAAATGTTGGTTCTTCGTCTATTCATCAGCAGTTAA TGAAAAGTCAAATCCCGAAGCTGAAGAAACGTGGACA GCACAAGCATAAAACACAATCAAAAATACGCTCGAAG AAGCAAACTACCACCGTAAAAGCAGTGTTGCTGCTAT TAAA 91 Sequence of the GGTTTCTCAATTACTATATACTACTAACCATTTACCTG PpTRP2 gene TAGCGTATTTCTTTTCCCTCTTCGCGAAAGCTCAAGGG integration CATCTTCTTGACTCATGAAAAATATCTGGATTTCTTCT locus: GACAGATCATCACCCTTGAGCCCAACTCTCTAGCCTAT GAGTGTAAGTGATAGTCATCTTGCAACAGATTATTTTG GAACGCAACTAACAAAGCAGATACACCCTTCAGCAGA ATCCTTTCTGGATATTGTGAAGAATGATCGCCAAAGTC ACAGTCCTGAGACAGTTCCTAATCTTTACCCCATTTAC AAGTTCATCCAATCAGACTTCTTAACGCCTCATCTGGC TTATATCAAGCTTACCAACAGTTCAGAAACTCCCAGTC CAAGTTTCTTGCTTGAAAGTGCGAAGAATGGTGACAC CGTTGACAGGTACACCTTTATGGGACATTCCCCCAGA AAAATAATCAAGACTGGGCCTTTAGAGGGTGCTGAAG TTGACCCCTTGGTGCTTCTGGAAAAAGAACTGAAGGG CACCAGACAAGCGCAACTTCCTGGTATTCCTCGTCTAA GTGGTGGTGCCATAGGATACATCTCGTACGATTGTATT AAGTACTTTGAACCAAAAACTGAAAGAAAACTGAAAG ATGTTTTGCAACTTCCGGAAGCAGCTTTGATGTTGTTC GACACGATCGTGGCTTTTGACAATGTTTATCAAAGATT CCAGGTAATTGGAAACGTTTCTCTATCCGTTGATGACT CGGACGAAGCTATTCTTGAGAAATATTATAAGACAAG AGAAGAAGTGGAAAAGATCAGTAAAGTGGTATTTGAC AATAAAACTGTTCCCTACTATGAACAGAAAGATATTA TTCAAGGCCAAACGTTCACCTCTAATATTGGTCAGGA AGGGTATGAAAACCATGTTCGCAAGCTGAAAGAACAT ATTCTGAAAGGAGACATCTTCCAAGCTGTTCCCTCTCA AAGGGTAGCCAGGCCGACCTCATTGCACCCTTTCAAC ATCTATCGTCATTTGAGAACTGTCAATCCTTCTCCATA CATGTTCTATATTGACTATCTAGACTTCCAAGTTGTTG GTGCTTCACCTGAATTACTAGTTAAATCCGACAACAAC AACAAAATCATCACACATCCTATTGCTGGAACTCTTCC CAGAGGTAAAACTATCGAAGAGGACGACAATTATGCT AAGCAATTGAAGTCGTCTTTGAAAGACAGGGCCGAGC ACGTCATGCTGGTAGATTTGGCCAGAAATGATATTAA CCGTGTGTGTGAGCCCACCAGTACCACGGTTGATCGTT TATTGACTGTGGAGAGATTTTCTCATGTGATGCATCTT GTGTCAGAAGTCAGTGGAACATTGAGACCAAACAAGA CTCGCTTCGATGCTTTCAGATCCATTTTCCCAGCAGGA ACCGTCTCCGGTGCTCCGAAGGTAAGAGCAATGCAAC TCATAGGAGAATTGGAAGGAGAAAAGAGAGGTGTTTA TGCGGGGGCCGTAGGACACTGGTCGTACGATGGAAAA TCGATGGACACATGTATTGCCTTAAGAACAATGGTCG TCAAGGACGGTGTCGCTTACCTTCAAGCCGGAGGTGG AATTGTCTACGATTCTGACCCCTATGACGAGTACATCG AAACCATGAACAAAATGAGATCCAACAATAACACCAT CTTGGAGGCTGAGAAAATCTGGACCGATAGGTTGGCC AGAGACGAGAATCAAAGTGAATCCGAAGAAAACGAT CAATGAACGGAGGACGTAAGTAGGAATTTATG 92 Human UDP- ATGGAAAAGAACGGTAACAACAGAAAGTTGAGAGTTT GlcNAc 2- GTGTTGCTACTTGTAACAGAGCTGACTACTCCAAGTTG epimerase/N- GCTCCAATCATGTTCGGTATCAAGACTGAGCCAGAGT acetylmannosamine TCTTCGAGTTGGACGTTGTTGTTTTGGGTTCCCACTTG kinase ATTGATGACTACGGTAACACTTACAGAATGATCGAGC (HsGNE) AGGACGACTTCGACATCAACACTAGATTGCACACTAT codon TGTTAGAGGAGAGGACGAAGCTGCTATGGTTGAATCT opitimized GTTGGATTGGCTTTGGTTAAGTTGCCAGACGTTTTGAA CAGATTGAAGCCAGACATCATGATTGTTCACGGTGAC AGATTCGATGCTTTGGCTTTGGCTACTTCCGCTGCTTT GATGAACATTAGAATCTTGCACATCGAGGGTGGTGAA GTTTCTGGTACTATCGACGACTCCATCAGACACGCTAT CACTAAGTTGGCTCACTACCATGTTTGTTGTACTAGAT CCGCTGAGCAACACTTGATTTCCATGTGTGAGGACCA CGACAGAATTTTGTTGGCTGGTTGTCCATCTTACGACA AGTTGTTGTCCGCTAAGAACAAGGACTACATGTCCAT CATCAGAATGTGGTTGGGTGACGACGTTAAGTCTAAG GACTACATCGTTGCTTTGCAGCACCCAGTTACTACTGA CATCAAGCACTCCATCAAGATGTTCGAGTTGACTTTGG ACGCTTTGATCTCCTTCAACAAGAGAACTTTGGTTTTG TTCCCAAACATTGACGCTGGTTCCAAAGAGATGGTTA GAGTTATGAGAAAGAAGGGTATCGAACACCACCCAAA CTTCAGAGCTGTTAAGCACGTTCCATTCGACCAATTCA TCCAGTTGGTTGCTCATGCTGGTTGTATGATCGGTAAC TCCTCCTGTGGTGTTAGAGAAGTTGGTGCTTTCGGTAC TCCAGTTATCAACTTGGGTACTAGACAGATCGGTAGA GAGACTGGAGAAAACGTTTTGCATGTTAGAGATGCTG ACACTCAGGACAAGATTTTGCAGGCTTTGCACTTGCA ATTCGGAAAGCAGTACCCATGTTCCAAAATCTACGGT GACGGTAACGCTGTTCCAAGAATCTTGAAGTTTTTGAA GTCCATCGACTTGCAAGAGCCATTGCAGAAGAAGTTC TGTTTCCCACCAGTTAAGGAGAACATCTCCCAGGACA TTGACCACATCTTGGAGACATTGTCCGCTTTGGCTGTT GATTTGGGTGGAACTAACTTGAGAGTTGCTATCGTTTC CATGAAGGGAGAGATCGTTAAGAAGTACACTCAGTTC AACCCAAAGACTTACGAGGAGAGAATCAACTTGATCT TGCAGATGTGTGTTGAAGCTGCTGCTGAGGCTGTTAA GTTGAACTGTAGAATCTTGGGTGTTGGTATCTCTACTG GTGGTAGAGTTAATCCAAGAGAGGGTATCGTTTTGCA CTCCACTAAGTTGATTCAGGAGTGGAACTCCGTTGATT TGAGAACTCCATTGTCCGACACATTGCACTTGCCAGTT TGGGTTGACAACGACGGTAATTGTGCTGCTTTGGCTGA GAGAAAGTTCGGTCAAGGAAAGGGATTGGAGAACTTC GTTACTTTGATCACTGGTACTGGTATTGGTGGTGGTAT CATTCACCAGCACGAGTTGATTCACGGTTCTTCCTTCT GTGCTGCTGAATTGGGACACTTGGTTGTTTCTTTGGAC GGTCCAGACTGTTCTTGTGGTTCCCACGGTTGTATTGA AGCTTACGCATCAGGAATGGCATTGCAGAGAGAGGCT AAGAAGTTGCACGACGAGGACTTGTTGTTGGTTGAGG GAATGTCTGTTCCAAAGGACGAGGCTGTTGGTGCTTTG CATTTGATCCAGGCTGCTAAGTTGGGTAATGCTAAGG CTCAGTCCATCTTGAGAACTGCTGGTACTGCTTTGGGA TTGGGTGTTGTTAATATCTTGCACACTATGAACCCATC CTTGGTTATCTTGTCCGGTGTTTTGGCTTCTCACTACAT CCACATCGTTAAGGACGTTATCAGACAGCAAGCTTTG TCCTCCGTTCAAGACGTTGATGTTGTTGTTTCCGACTT GGTTGACCCAGCTTTGTTGGGTGCTGCTTCCATGGTTT TGGACTACACTACTAGAAGAATCTACTAATAG 93 Sequence of the CAGTTGAGCCAGACCGCGCTAAACGCATACCAATTGC PpARG1 CAAATCAGGCAATTGTGAGACAGTGGTAAAAAAGATG auxotrophic CCTGCAAAGTTAGATTCACACAGTAAGAGAGATCCTA marker: CTCATAAATGAGGCGCTTATTTAGTAGCTAGTGATAGC CACTGCGGTTCTGCTTTATGCTATTTGTTGTATGCCTTA CTATCTTTGTTTGGCTCCTTTTTCTTGACGTTTTCCGTT GGAGGGACTCCCTATTCTGAGTCATGAGCCGCACAGA TTATCGCCCAAAATTGACAAAATCTTCTGGCGAAAAA AGTATAAAAGGAGAAAAAAGCTCACCCTTTTCCAGCG TAGAAAGTATATATCAGTCATTGAAGACTATTATTTAA ATAACACAATGTCTAAAGGAAAAGTTTGTTTGGCCTA CTCCGGTGGTTTGGATACCTCCATCATCCTAGCTTGGT TGTTGGAGCAGGGATACGAAGTCGTTGCCTTTTTAGCC AACATTGGTCAAGAGGAAGACTTTGAGGCTGCTAGAG AGAAAGCTCTGAAGATCGGTGCTACCAAGTTTATCGT CAGTGACGTTAGGAAGGAATTTGTTGAGGAAGTTTTG TTCCCAGCAGTCCAAGTTAACGCTATCTACGAGAACG TCTACTTACTGGGTACCTCTTTGGCCAGACCAGTCATT GCCAAGGCCCAAATAGAGGTTGCTGAACAAGAAGGTT GTTTTGCTGTTGCCCACGGTTGTACCGGAAAGGGTAAC GATCAGGTTAGATTTGAGCTTTCCTTTTATGCTCTGAA GCCTGACGTTGTCTGTATCGCCCCATGGAGAGACCCA GAATTCTTCGAAAGATTCGCTGGTAGAAATGACTTGCT GAATTACGCTGCTGAGAAGGATATTCCAGTTGCTCAG ACTAAAGCCAAGCCATGGTCTACTGATGAGAACATGG CTCACATCTCCTTCGAGGCTGGTATTCTAGAAGATCCA AACACTACTCCTCCAAAGGACATGTGGAAGCTCACTG TTGACCCAGAAGATGCACCAGACAAGCCAGAGTTCTT TGACGTCCACTTTGAGAAGGGTAAGCCAGTTAAATTA GTTCTCGAGAACAAAACTGAGGTCACCGATCCGGTTG AGATCTTTTTGACTGCTAACGCCATTGCTAGAAGAAAC GGTGTTGGTAGAATTGACATTGTCGAGAACAGATTCA TCGGAATCAAGTCCAGAGGTTGTTATGAAACTCCAGG TTTGACTCTACTGAGAACCACTCACATCGACTTGGAAG GTCTTACCGTTGACCGTGAAGTTAGATCGATCAGAGA CACTTTTGTTACCCCAACCTACTCTAAGTTGTTATACA ACGGGTTGTACTTTACCCCAGAAGGTGAGTACGTCAG AACTATGATTCAGCCTTCTCAAAACACCGTCAACGGT GTTGTTAGAGCCAAGGCCTACAAAGGTAATGTGTATA ACCTAGGAAGATACTCTGAAACCGAGAAATTGTACGA TGCTACCGAATCTTCCATGGATGAGTTGACCGGATTCC ACCCTCAAGAAGCTGGAGGATTTATCACAACACAAGC CATCAGAATCAAGAAGTACGGAGAAAGTGTCAGAGA GAAGGGAAAGTTTTTGGGACTTTAACTCAAGTAAAAG GATAGTTGTACAATTATATATACGAAGAATAAATCAT TACAAAAAGTATTCGTTTCTTTGATTCTTAACAGGATT CATTTTCTGGGTGTCATCAGGTACAGCGCTGAATATCT TGAAGTTAACATCGAGCTCATCATCGACGTTCATCACA CTAGCCACGTTTCCGCAACGGTAGCAATAATTAGGAG CGGACCACACAGTGACGACATC 94 Human CMP- ATGGACTCTGTTGAAAAGGGTGCTGCTACTTCTGTTTC sialic acid CAACCCAAGAGGTAGACCATCCAGAGGTAGACCTCCT synthase AAGTTGCAGAGAAACTCCAGAGGTGGTCAAGGTAGAG (HsCSS) codon GTGTTGAAAAGCCACCACACTTGGCTGCTTTGATCTTG optimized GCTAGAGGAGGTTCTAAGGGTATCCCATTGAAGAACA TCAAGCACTTGGCTGGTGTTCCATTGATTGGATGGGTT TTGAGAGCTGCTTTGGACTCTGGTGCTTTCCAATCTGT TTGGGTTTCCACTGACCACGACGAGATTGAGAACGTT GCTAAGCAATTCGGTGCTCAGGTTCACAGAAGATCCT CTGAGGTTTCCAAGGACTCTTCTACTTCCTTGGACGCT ATCATCGAGTTCTTGAACTACCACAACGAGGTTGACA TCGTTGGTAACATCCAAGCTACTTCCCCATGTTTGCAC CCAACTGACTTGCAAAAAGTTGCTGAGATGATCAGAG AAGAGGGTTACGACTCCGTTTTCTCCGTTGTTAGAAGG CACCAGTTCAGATGGTCCGAGATTCAGAAGGGTGTTA GAGAGGTTACAGAGCCATTGAACTTGAACCCAGCTAA AAGACCAAGAAGGCAGGATTGGGACGGTGAATTGTAC GAAAACGGTTCCTTCTACTTCGCTAAGAGACACTTGAT CGAGATGGGATACTTGCAAGGTGGAAAGATGGCTTAC TACGAGATGAGAGCTGAACACTCCGTTGACATCGACG TTGATATCGACTGGCCAATTGCTGAGCAGAGAGTTTTG AGATACGGTTACTTCGGAAAGGAGAAGTTGAAGGAGA TCAAGTTGTTGGTTTGTAACATCGACGGTTGTTTGACT AACGGTCACATCTACGTTTCTGGTGACCAGAAGGAGA TTATCTCCTACGACGTTAAGGACGCTATTGGTATCTCC TTGTTGAAGAAGTCCGGTATCGAAGTTAGATTGATCTC CGAGAGAGCTTGTTCCAAGCAAACATTGTCCTCTTTGA AGTTGGACTGTAAGATGGAGGTTTCCGTTTCTGACAA GTTGGCTGTTGTTGACGAATGGAGAAAGGAGATGGGT TTGTGTTGGAAGGAAGTTGCTTACTTGGGTAACGAAG TTTCTGACGAGGAGTGTTTGAAGAGAGTTGGTTTGTCT GGTGCTCCAGCTGATGCTTGTTCCACTGCTCAAAAGGC TGTTGGTTACATCTGTAAGTGTAACGGTGGTAGAGGT GCTATTAGAGAGTTCGCTGAGCACATCTGTTTGTTGAT GGAGAAAGTTAATAACTCCTGTCAGAAGTAGTAG 95 Human N- ATGCCATTGGAATTGGAGTTGTGTCCTGGTAGATGGGT acetylneuraminate- TGGTGGTCAACACCCATGTTTCATCATCGCTGAGATCG 9-phosphate GTCAAAACCACCAAGGAGACTTGGACGTTGCTAAGAG synthase AATGATCAGAATGGCTAAGGAATGTGGTGCTGACTGT (HsSPS) codon GCTAAGTTCCAGAAGTCCGAGTTGGAGTTCAAGTTCA optimized ACAGAAAGGCTTTGGAAAGACCATACACTTCCAAGCA CTCTTGGGGAAAGACTTACGGAGAACACAAGAGACAC TTGGAGTTCTCTCACGACCAATACAGAGAGTTGCAGA GATACGCTGAGGAAGTTGGTATCTTCTTCACTGCTTCT GGAATGGACGAAATGGCTGTTGAGTTCTTGCACGAGT TGAACGTTCCATTCTTCAAAGTTGGTTCCGGTGACACT AACAACTTCCCATACTTGGAAAAGACTGCTAAGAAAG GTAGACCAATGGTTATCTCCTCTGGAATGCAGTCTATG GACACTATGAAGCAGGTTTACCAGATCGTTAAGCCAT TGAACCCAAACTTTTGTTTCTTGCAGTGTACTTCCGCT TACCCATTGCAACCAGAGGACGTTAATTTGAGAGTTA TCTCCGAGTACCAGAAGTTGTTCCCAGACATCCCAATT GGTTACTCTGGTCACGAGACTGGTATTGCTATTTCCGT TGCTGCTGTTGCTTTGGGTGCTAAGGTTTTGGAGAGAC ACATCACTTTGGACAAGACTTGGAAGGGTTCTGATCA CTCTGCTTCTTTGGAACCTGGTGAGTTGGCTGAACTTG TTAGATCAGTTAGATTGGTTGAGAGAGCTTTGGGTTCC CCAACTAAGCAATTGTTGCCATGTGAGATGGCTTGTA ACGAGAAGTTGGGAAAGTCCGTTGTTGCTAAGGTTAA GATCCCAGAGGGTACTATCTTGACTATGGACATGTTG ACTGTTAAAGTTGGAGAGCCAAAGGGTTACCCACCAG AGGACATCTTTAACTTGGTTGGTAAAAAGGTTTTGGTT ACTGTTGAGGAGGACGACACTATTATGGAGGAGTTGG TTGACAACCACGGAAAGAAGATCAAGTCCTAG 96 Mouse alpha- GTTTTTCAAATGCCAAAGTCCCAGGAGAAAGTTGCTG 2,6-sialyl TTGGTCCAGCTCCACAAGCTGTTTTCTCCAACTCCAAG transferase CAAGATCCAAAGGAGGGTGTTCAAATCTTGTCCTACC catalytic domain CAAGAGTTACTGCTAAGGTTAAGCCACAACCATCCTT (MmmST6) GCAAGTTTGGGACAAGGACTCCACTTACTCCAAGTTG codon optimized AACCCAAGATTGTTGAAGATTTGGAGAAACTACTTGA ACATGAACAAGTACAAGGTTTCCTACAAGGGTCCAGG TCCAGGTGTTAAGTTCTCCGTTGAGGCTTTGAGATGTC ACTTGAGAGACCACGTTAACGTTTCCATGATCGAGGC TACTGACTTCCCATTCAACACTACTGAATGGGAGGGA TACTTGCCAAAGGAGAACTTCAGAACTAAGGCTGGTC CATGGCATAAGTGTGCTGTTGTTTCTTCTGCTGGTTCC TTGAAGAACTCCCAGTTGGGTAGAGAAATTGACAACC ACGACGCTGTTTTGAGATTCAACGGTGCTCCAACTGAC AACTTCCAGCAGGATGTTGGTACTAAGACTACTATCA GATTGGTTAACTCCCAATTGGTTACTACTGAGAAGAG ATTCTTGAAGGACTCCTTGTACACTGAGGGAATCTTGA TTTTGTGGGACCCATCTGTTTACCACGCTGACATTCCA CAATGGTATCAGAAGCCAGACTACAACTTCTTCGAGA CTTACAAGTCCTACAGAAGATTGCACCCATCCCAGCC ATTCTACATCTTGAAGCCACAAATGCCATGGGAATTGT GGGACATCATCCAGGAAATTTCCCCAGACTTGATCCA ACCAAACCCACCATCTTCTGGAATGTTGGGTATCATCA TCATGATGACTTTGTGTGACCAGGTTGACATCTACGAG TTCTTGCCATCCAAGAGAAAGACTGATGTTTGTTACTA CCACCAGAAGTTCTTCGACTCCGCTTGTACTATGGGAG CTTACCACCCATTGTTGTTCGAGAAGAACATGGTTAAG CACTTGAACGAAGGTACTGACGAGGACATCTACTTGT TCGGAAAGGCTACTTTGTCCGGTTTCAGAAACAACAG ATGTTAG 97 Human UDP- ATGGAAAAGAACGGTAACAACAGAAAGTTGAGAGTTT GlcNAc 2- GTGTTGCTACTTGTAACAGAGCTGACTACTCCAAGTTG epimerase/N- GCTCCAATCATGTTCGGTATCAAGACTGAGCCAGAGT acetylmannosamine TCTTCGAGTTGGACGTTGTTGTTTTGGGTTCCCACTTG kinase ATTGATGACTACGGTAACACTTACAGAATGATCGAGC (HsGNE) AGGACGACTTCGACATCAACACTAGATTGCACACTAT codon TGTTAGAGGAGAGGACGAAGCTGCTATGGTTGAATCT opitimized GTTGGATTGGCTTTGGTTAAGTTGCCAGACGTTTTGAA CAGATTGAAGCCAGACATCATGATTGTTCACGGTGAC AGATTCGATGCTTTGGCTTTGGCTACTTCCGCTGCTTT GATGAACATTAGAATCTTGCACATCGAGGGTGGTGAA GTTTCTGGTACTATCGACGACTCCATCAGACACGCTAT CACTAAGTTGGCTCACTACCATGTTTGTTGTACTAGAT CCGCTGAGCAACACTTGATTTCCATGTGTGAGGACCA CGACAGAATTTTGTTGGCTGGTTGTCCATCTTACGACA AGTTGTTGTCCGCTAAGAACAAGGACTACATGTCCAT CATCAGAATGTGGTTGGGTGACGACGTTAAGTCTAAG GACTACATCGTTGCTTTGCAGCACCCAGTTACTACTGA CATCAAGCACTCCATCAAGATGTTCGAGTTGACTTTGG ACGCTTTGATCTCCTTCAACAAGAGAACTTTGGTTTTG TTCCCAAACATTGACGCTGGTTCCAAAGAGATGGTTA GAGTTATGAGAAAGAAGGGTATCGAACACCACCCAAA CTTCAGAGCTGTTAAGCACGTTCCATTCGACCAATTCA TCCAGTTGGTTGCTCATGCTGGTTGTATGATCGGTAAC TCCTCCTGTGGTGTTAGAGAAGTTGGTGCTTTCGGTAC TCCAGTTATCAACTTGGGTACTAGACAGATCGGTAGA GAGACTGGAGAAAACGTTTTGCATGTTAGAGATGCTG ACACTCAGGACAAGATTTTGCAGGCTTTGCACTTGCA ATTCGGAAAGCAGTACCCATGTTCCAAAATCTACGGT GACGGTAACGCTGTTCCAAGAATCTTGAAGTTTTTGAA GTCCATCGACTTGCAAGAGCCATTGCAGAAGAAGTTC TGTTTCCCACCAGTTAAGGAGAACATCTCCCAGGACA TTGACCACATCTTGGAGACATTGTCCGCTTTGGCTGTT GATTTGGGTGGAACTAACTTGAGAGTTGCTATCGTTTC CATGAAGGGAGAGATCGTTAAGAAGTACACTCAGTTC AACCCAAAGACTTACGAGGAGAGAATCAACTTGATCT TGCAGATGTGTGTTGAAGCTGCTGCTGAGGCTGTTAA GTTGAACTGTAGAATCTTGGGTGTTGGTATCTCTACTG GTGGTAGAGTTAATCCAAGAGAGGGTATCGTTTTGCA CTCCACTAAGTTGATTCAGGAGTGGAACTCCGTTGATT TGAGAACTCCATTGTCCGACACATTGCACTTGCCAGTT TGGGTTGACAACGACGGTAATTGTGCTGCTTTGGCTGA GAGAAAGTTCGGTCAAGGAAAGGGATTGGAGAACTTC GTTACTTTGATCACTGGTACTGGTATTGGTGGTGGTAT CATTCACCAGCACGAGTTGATTCACGGTTCTTCCTTCT GTGCTGCTGAATTGGGACACTTGGTTGTTTCTTTGGAC GGTCCAGACTGTTCTTGTGGTTCCCACGGTTGTATTGA AGCTTACGCATCAGGAATGGCATTGCAGAGAGAGGCT AAGAAGTTGCACGACGAGGACTTGTTGTTGGTTGAGG GAATGTCTGTTCCAAAGGACGAGGCTGTTGGTGCTTTG CATTTGATCCAGGCTGCTAAGTTGGGTAATGCTAAGG CTCAGTCCATCTTGAGAACTGCTGGTACTGCTTTGGGA TTGGGTGTTGTTAATATCTTGCACACTATGAACCCATC CTTGGTTATCTTGTCCGGTGTTTTGGCTTCTCACTACAT CCACATCGTTAAGGACGTTATCAGACAGCAAGCTTTG TCCTCCGTTCAAGACGTTGATGTTGTTGTTTCCGACTT GGTTGACCCAGCTTTGTTGGGTGCTGCTTCCATGGTTT TGGACTACACTACTAGAAGAATCTACTAATAG 98 Pp TRP2: 5′ and ACTGGGCCTTTAGAGGGTGCTGAAGTTGACCCCTTGGT ORF GCTTCTGGAAAAAGAACTGAAGGGCACCAGACAAGC GCAACTTCCTGGTATTCCTCGTCTAAGTGGTGGTGCCA TAGGATACATCTCGTACGATTGTATTAAGTACTTTGAA CCAAAAACTGAAAGAAAACTGAAAGATGTTTTGCAAC TTCCGGAAGCAGCTTTGATGTTGTTCGACACGATCGTG GCTTTTGACAATGTTTATCAAAGATTCCAGGTAATTGG AAACGTTTCTCTATCCGTTGATGACTCGGACGAAGCTA TTCTTGAGAAATATTATAAGACAAGAGAAGAAGTGGA AAAGATCAGTAAAGTGGTATTTGACAATAAAACTGTT CCCTACTATGAACAGAAAGATATTATTCAAGGCCAAA CGTTCACCTCTAATATTGGTCAGGAAGGGTATGAAAA CCATGTTCGCAAGCTGAAAGAACATATTCTGAAAGGA GACATCTTCCAAGCTGTTCCCTCTCAAAGGGTAGCCAG GCCGACCTCATTGCACCCTTTCAACATCTATCGTCATT TGAGAACTGTCAATCCTTCTCCATACATGTTCTATATT GACTATCTAGACTTCCAAGTTGTTGGTGCTTCACCTGA ATTACTAGTTAAATCCGACAACAACAACAAAATCATC ACACATCCTATTGCTGGAACTCTTCCCAGAGGTAAAA CTATCGAAGAGGACGACAATTATGCTAAGCAATTGAA GTCGTCTTTGAAAGACAGGGCCGAGCACGTCATGCTG GTAGATTTGGCCAGAAATGATATTAACCGTGTGTCTG AGCCCACCAGTACCACGGTTGATCGTTTATTGACTGTG GAGAGATTTTCTCATGTGATGCATCTTGTGTCAGAAGT CAGTGGAACATTGAGACCAAACAAGACTCGCTTCGAT GCTTTCAGATCCATTTTCCCAGCAGGTACCGTCTCCGG TGCTCCGAAGGTAAGAGCAATGCAACTCATAGGAGAA TTGGAAGGAGAAAAGAGAGGTGTTTATGCGGGGGCCG TAGGACACTGGTCGTACGATGGAAAATCGATGGACAC ATGTATTGCCTTAAGAACAATGGTCGTCAAGGACGGT GTCGCTTACCTTCAAGCCGGAGGTGGAATTGTCTACG ATTCTGACCCCTATGACGAGTACATCGAAACCATGAA CAAAATGAGATCCAACAATAACACCATCTTGGAGGCT GAGAAAATCTGGACCGATAGGTTGGCCAGAGACGAG AATCAAAGTGAATCCGAAGAAAACGATCAATGA 99 PpTRP2 3′ ACGGAGGACGTAAGTAGGAATTTATGTAATCATGCCA region ATACATCTTTAGATTTCTTCCTCTTCTTTTTAACGAAAG ACCTCCAGTTTTGCACTCTCGACTCTCTAGTATCTTCCC ATTTCTGTTGCTGCAACCTCTTGCCTTCTGTTTCCTTCA ATTGTTCTTCTTTCTTCTGTTGCACTTGGCCTTCTTCCT CCATCTTTCGTTTTTTTTCAAGCCTTTTCAGCAGTTCTT CTTCCAAGAGCAGTTCTTTGATTTTCTCTCTCCAATCC ACCAAAAAACTGGATGAATTCAACCGGGCATCATCAA TGTTCCACTTTCTTTCTCTTATCAATAATCTACGTGCTT CGGCATACGAGGAATCCAGTTGCTCCCTAATCGAGTC ATCCACAAGGTTAGCATGGGCCTTTTTCAGGGTGTCAA AAGCATCTGGAGCTCGTTTATTCGGAGTCTTGTCTGGA TGGATCAGCAAAGACTTTTTGCGGAAAGTCTTTCTTAT ATCTTCCGGAGAACAACCTGGTTTCAAATCCAAGATG GCATAGCTGTCCAATTTGAAAGTGGAAAGAATCCTGC CAATTTCCTTCTCTCGTGTCAGCTCGTTCTCCTCCTTTT GCAACAGGTCCACTTCATCTGGCATTTTTCTTTATGTT AACTTTAATTATTATTAATTATAAAGTTGATTATCGTT ATCAAAATAATCATATTCGAGAAATAATCCGTCCATG CAATATATAAATAAGAATTCATAATAATGTAATGATA ACAGTACCTCTGATGACCTTTGATGAACCGCAATTTTC TTTCCAATGACAAGACATCCCTATAATACAATTATACA GTTTATATATCACAAATAATCACCTTTTTATAAGAAAA CCGTCCTCTCCGTAACAGAACTTATTATCCGCACGTTA TGGTTAACACACTACTAATACCGATATAGTGTATGAA GTCGCTACGAGATAGCCATCCAGGAAACTTACCAATT CATCAGCACTTTCATGATCCGATTGTTGGCTTTATTCTT TGCGAGACAGATACTTGCCAATGAAATAACTGATCCC ACAGATGAGAATCCGGTGCTCGT 100 Sequence of the TTGGGGGCCTCCAGGACTTGCTGAAATTTGCTGACTCA 5′-Region used TCTTCGCCATCCAAGGATAATGAGTTAGCTAATGTGAC for knock out of AGTTAATGAGTCGTCTTGACTAACGGGGAACATTTCAT STE13 TATTTATATCCAGAGTCAATTTGATAGCAGAGTTTGTG GTTGAAATACCTATGATTCGGGAGACTTTGTTGTAACG ACCATTATCCACAGTTTGGACCGTGAAAATGTCATCG AAGAGAGCAGACGACATATTATCTATTGTGGTAAGTG ATAGTTGGAAGTCCGACTAAGGCATGAAAATGAGAAG ACTGAAAATTTAAAGTTTTTGAAAACACTAATCGGGT AATAACTTGGAAATTACGTTTACGTGCCTTTAGCTCTT GTCCTTACCCCTGATAATCTATCCATTTCCCGAGAGAC AATGACATCTCGGACAGCTGAGAACCCGTTCGATATA GAGCTTCAAGAGAATCTAAGTCCACGTTCTTCCAATTC GTCCATATTGGAAAACATTAATGAGTATGCTAGAAGA CATCGCAATGATTCGCTTTCCCAAGAATGTGATAATGA AGATGAGAACGAAAATCTCAATTATACTGATAACTTG GCCAAGTTTTCAAAGTCTGGAGTATCAAGAAAGAGCT GTATGCTAATATTTGGTATTTGCTTTGTTATCTGGCTGT TTCTCTTTGCCTTGTATGCGAGGGACAATCGATTTTCC AATTTGAACGAGTACGTTCCAGATTCAAACAG 101 Sequence of the CTACTGGGAACCACGAGACATCACTGCAGTAGTTTCC 3′-Region used AAGTGGATTTCAGATCACTCATTTGTGAATCCTGACAA for knock out of AACTGCGATATGGGGGTGGTCTTACGGTGGGTTCACT STE13 ACGCTTAAGACATTGGAATATGATTCTGGAGAGGTTTT CAAATATGGTATGGCTGTTGCTCCAGTAACTAATTGGC TTTTGTATGACTCCATCTACACTGAAAGATACATGAAC CTTCCAAAGGACAATGTTGAAGGCTACAGTGAACACA GCGTCATTAAGAAGGTTTCCAATTTTAAGAATGTAAA CCGATTCTTGGTTTGTCACGGGACTACTGATGATAACG TGCATTTTCAGAACACACTAACCTTACTGGACCAGTTC AATATTAATGGTGTTGTGAATTACGATCTTCAGGTGTA TCCCGACAGTGAACATAGCATTGCCCATCACAACGCA AATAAAGTGATCTACGAGAGGTTATTCAAGTGGTTAG AGCGGGCATTTAACGATAGATTTTTGTAACATTCCGTA CTTCATGCCATACTATATATCCTGCAAGGTTTCCCTTT CAGACACAATAATTGCTTTGCAATTTTACATACCACCA ATTGGCAAAAATAATCTCTTCAGTAAGTTGAATGCTTT TCAAGCCAGCACCGTGAGAAATTGCTACAGCGCGCAT TCTAACATCACTTTAAAATTCCCTCGCCGGTGCTCACT GGAGTTTCCAACCCTTAGCTTATCAAAATCGGGTGATA ACTCTGAGTTTTTTTTTTCACTTCTATTCCTAAACCTTC GCCCAATGCTACCACCTCCAATCAACATCCCGAAATG GATAGAAGAGAATGGACATCTCTTGCAACCTCCGGTT AATAATTACTGTCTCCACAGAGGAGGATTTACGGTAA TGATTGTAGGTGGGCCTAATG 102 Sequence of the CACCTGGGCCTGTTGCTGCTGGTACTGCTGTTGGAACT 5′-Region used GTTGGTATTGTTGCTGATCTAAGGCCGCCTGTTCCACA for knock out of CCGTGTGTATCGAATGCTTGGGCAAAATCATCGCCTGC DAP2 CGGAGGCCCCACTACCGCTTGTTCCTCCTGCTCTTGTT TGTTTTGCTCATTGATGATATCGGCGTCAATGAATTGA TCCTCAATCGTGTGGTGGTGGTGTCGTGATTCCTCTTC TTTCTTGAGTGCCTTATCCATATTCCTATCTTAGTGTAC CAATAATTTTGTTAAACACACGCTGTTGTTTATGAAAA GTCGTCAAAAGGTTAAAAATTCTACTTGGTGTGTGTCA GAGAAAGTAGTGCAGACCCCCAGTTTGTTGACTAGTT GAGAAGGCGGCTCACTATTGCGCGAATAGCATGAGAA ATTTGCAAACATCTGGCAAAGTGGTCAATACCTGCCA ACCTGCCAATCTTCGCGACGGAGGCTGTTAAGCGGGT TGGGTTCCCAAAGTGAATGGATATTACGGGCAGGAAA AACAGCCCCTTCCACACTAGTCTTTGCTACTGACATCT TCCCTCTCATGTATCCCGAACACAAGTATCGGGAGTAT CAACGGAGGGTGCCCTTATGGCAGTACTCCCTGTTGGT GATTGTACTGCTATACGGGTCTCATTTGCTTATCAGCA CCATCAACTTGATACACTATAACCACAAAAATTATCAT GCACACCCAGTCAATAGTGGTATCGTTCTTAATGAGTT TGCTGATGACGATTCATTCTCTTTGAATGGCACTCTGA ACTTGGAGAACTGGAGAAATGGTACCTTTTCCCCTAA ATTTCATTCCATTCAGTGGACCGAAATAGGTCAGGAA GATGACCAGGGATATTACATTCTCTCTTCCAATTCCTC TTACATAGTAAAGTCTTTATCCGACCCAGACTTTGAAT CTGTTCTATTCAACGAGTCTACAATCACTTACAACG 103 Sequence of the GGCAGCAAAGCCTTACGTTGATGAGAATAGACTGGCC 3′-Region used ATTTGGGGTTGGTCTTATGGAGGTTACATGACGCTAAA for knock out of GGTTTTAGAACAGGATAAAGGTGAAACATTCAAATAT DAP2 GGAATGTCTGTTGCCCCTGTGACGAATTGGAAATTCTA TGATTCTATCTACACAGAAAGATACATGCACACTCCTC AGGACAATCCAAACTATTATAATTCGTCAATCCATGA GATTGATAATTTGAAGGGAGTGAAGAGGTTCTTGCTA ATGCACGGAACTGGTGACGACAATGTTCACTTCCAAA ATACACTCAAAGTTCTAGATTTATTTGATTTACATGGT CTTGAAAACTATGATATCCACGTGTTCCCTGATAGTGA TCACAGTATTAGATATCACAACGGTAATGTTATAGTGT ATGATAAGCTATTCCATTGGATTAGGCGTGCATTCAAG GCTGGCAAATAAATAGGTGCAAAAATATTATTAGACT TTTTTTTTCGTTCGCAAGTTATTACTGTGTACCATACCG ATCCAATCCGTATTGTAATTCATGTTCTAGATCCAAAA TTTGGGACTCTAATTCATGAGGTCTAGGAAGATGATC ATCTCTATAGTTTTCAGCGGGGGGCTCGATTTGCGGTT GGTCAAAGCTAACATCAAAATGTTTGTCAGGTTCAGT GAATGGTAACTGCTGCTCTTGAATTGGTCGTCTGACAA ATTCTCTAAGTGATAGCACTTCATCTACAATCATTTGC TTCATCGTTTCTATATCGTCCACGACCTCAAACGAGAA ATCGAATTTGGAAGAACAGACGGGCTCATCGTTAGGA TCATGCCAAACCTTGAGATATGGATGCTCTAAAGCCTC AGTAACTGTAATTCTGTGAGTGGGATCTACCGTGAGC ATTCGATCCAGTAAGTCTATCGCTTCAGGGTTGGCACC GGGAAATAACTGGCTGAATGGGATCTTGGGCATGAAT GGCAGGGAGCGAACATAATCCTGGGCACGCTCTGATC TGATAGACTGAAGTGTCTCTTCCGAAACAGTACCCAG CGTACTCAAAATCAAGTTCAATTGATCCACATAGTCTC TTCCTCTAAAAATGGGTCGGCCACCTA 104 HYG^(R) resistance GATCTGTTTAGCTTGCCTCGTCCCCGCCGGGTCACCCG cassette GCCAGCGACATGGAGGCCCAGAATACCCTCCTTGACA GTCTTGACGTGCGCAGCTCAGGGGCATGATGTGACTG TCGCCCGTACATTTAGCCCATACATCCCCATGTATAAT CATTTGCATCCATACATTTTGATGGCCGCACGGCGCGA AGCAAAAATTACGGCTCCTCGCTGCGGACCTGCGAGC AGGGAAACGCTCCCCTCACAGACGCGTTGAATTGTCC CCACGCCGCGCCCCTGTAGAGAAATATAAAAGGTTAG GATTTGCCACTGAGGTTCTTCTTTCATATACTTCCTTTT AAAATCTTGCTAGGATACAGTTCTCACATCACATCCGA ACATAAACAACCATGGGTAAAAAGCCTGAACTCACCG CGACGTCTGTCGAGAAGTTTCTGATCGAAAAGTTCGA CAGCGTCTCCGACCTGATGCAGCTCTCGGAGGGCGAA GAATCTCGTGCTTTCAGCTTCGATGTAGGAGGGCGTG GATATGTCCTGCGGGTAAATAGCTGCGCCGATGGTTTC TACAAAGATCGTTATGTTTATCGGCACTTTGCATCGGC CGCGCTCCCGATTCCGGAAGTGCTTGACATTGGGGAA TTCAGCGAGAGCCTGACCTATTGCATCTCCCGCCGTGC ACAGGGTGTCACGTTGCAAGACCTGCCTGAAACCGAA CTGCCCGCTGTTCTGCAGCCGGTCGCGGAGGCCATGG ATGCGATCGCTGCGGCCGATCTTAGCCAGACGAGCGG GTTCGGCCCATTCGGACCGCAAGGAATCGGTCAATAC ACTACATGGCGTGATTTCATATGCGCGATTGCTGATCC CCATGTGTATCACTGGCAAACTGTGATGGACGACACC GTCAGTGCGTCCGTCGCGCAGGCTCTCGATGAGCTGA TGCTTTGGGCCGAGGACTGCCCCGAAGTCCGGCACCT CGTGCACGCGGATTTCGGCTCCAACAATGTCCTGACG GACAATGGCCGCATAACAGCGGTCATTGACTGGAGCG AGGCGATGTTCGGGGATTCCCAATACGAGGTCGCCAA CATCTTCTTCTGGAGGCCGTGGTTGGCTTGTATGGAGC AGCAGACGCGCTACTTCGAGCGGAGGCATCCGGAGCT TGCAGGATCGCCGCGGCTCCGGGCGTATATGCTCCGC ATTGGTCTTGACCAACTCTATCAGAGCTTGGTTGACGG CAATTTCGATGATGCAGCTTGGGCGCAGGGTCGATGC GACGCAATCGTCCGATCCGGAGCCGGGACTGTCGGGC GTACACAAATCGCCCGCAGAAGCGCGGCCGTCTGGAC CGATGGCTGTGTAGAAGTACTCGCCGATAGTGGAAAC CGACGCCCCAGCACTCGTCCGAGGGCAAAGGAATAAT CAGTACTGACAATAAAAAGATTCTTGTTTTCAAGAACT TGTCATTTGTATAGTTTTTTTATATTGTAGTTGTTCTAT TTTAATCAAATGTTAGCGTGATTTATATTTTTTTTCGCC TCGACATCATCTGCCCAGATGCGAAGTTAAGTGCGCA GAAAGTAATATCATGCGTCAATCGTATGTGAATGCTG GTCGCTATACTGCTGTCGATTCGATACTAACGCCGCCA TCCAGTGTCGAAAACGAGCT 105 Sequence of ACGACGGCCAAATTCATGATACACACTCTGTTTCAGCT PpTRP5 5′ GGTTTGGACTACCCTGGAGTTGGTCCTGAATTGGCTGC integration CTGGAAAGCAAATGGTAGAGCCCAATTTTCCGCTGTA fragment ACTGATGCCCAAGCATTAGAGGGATTCAAAATCCTGT CTCAATTGGAAGGGATCATTCCAGCACTAGAGTCTAG TCATGCAATCTACGGCGCATTGCAAATTGCAAAGACT ATGTCTTCGGACCAGTCCTTAGTTATTAATGTATCTGG AAGGGGTGATAAGGACGTCCAGAGTGTAGCTGAGATT TTACCTAAATTGGGACCTCAAATTGGATGGGATTTGCG TTTCAGCGAAGACATTACTAAAGAGTGA 106 Sequence of TCGATAGCACAATATTCAACTTGACTGGGTGTTAAGA PpTRP5 3′ ACTAAGAGCTCTGGGAAACTTTGTATTTATTACTACCA integration ACACAGTCAAATTATTGGATGTGTTTTTTTTTCCAGTA fragment CATTTCACTGAGCAGTTTGTTATACTCGGTCTTTAATC TCCATATACATGCAGATTGTAATACAGATCTGAACAG TTTGATTCTGATTGATCTTGCCACCAATATTCTATTTTT GTATCAAGTAACAGAGTCAATGATCATTGGTAACGTA ACGGTTTTCGTGTATAGTAGTTAGAGCCCATCTTGTAA CCTCATTTCCTCCCATATTAAAGTATCAGTGATTCGCT GGAACGATTAACTAAGAAAAAAAAAATATCTGCACAT ACTCATCAGTCTGTAAATCTAAGTCAAAACTGCTGTAT CCAATAGAAATCGGGATATACCTGGATGTTTTTTCCAC ATAAACAAACGGGAGTTCAGCTTACTTATGGTGTTGA TGCAATTCAGTATGATCCTACCAATAAAACGAAACTTT GGGATTTTGGCTGTTTGAGGGATCAAAAGCTGCACCTT TACAAGATTGACGGATCGACCATTAGACCAAAGCAAA TGGCCACCAA 107 DNA encodes CCAGCTAGATCTCCATCTCCATCCACTCAACCATGGGAACA GM-CSF CGTTAACGCTATCCAAGAGGCTTTGAGATTGTTGAACTTGT CCAGAGACACTGCTGCTGAAATGAACGAGACTGTTGAGGT TATCTCCGAGATGTTCGACTTGCAAGAGCCAACTTGTTTGC AGACTAGATTGGAGTTGTACAAGCAGGGATTGAGAGGATC CTTGACTAAGTTGAAGGGACCATTGACTATGATGGCTTCCC ACTACAAGCAACACTGTCCACCAACTCCAGAAACATCCTGT GCTACTCAGATCATCACTTTCGAGTCCTT CAAAGAGAACTTGAAGGACTTCTTGTTGGTTATCCCATTCG ACTGTTGGGAACCAGTTCAAGAATAATAA 108 GM-CSF PARSPSPSTQPWEHVNAIQEALRLLNLSRDTAAEMNETVEVIS EMFDLQEPTCLQTRLELYKQGLRGSLTKLKGPLTMMASHYK QHCPPTPETSCATQIITFESFKENLKDFLLVIPFDCWEPVQE 109 DNA encodes ATGTTCAACCTGAAAACTATTCTCATCTCAACACTTGC CWP1-GMCSF ATCGATCGCTGTTGCCGACCAAACCTTCGGTGTCCTTC fusion protein TAATCCGGAGTGGATCCCCATATCACTATTCGACTCTC ACTAATAGAGACGAAAAGATTGTTGCTGGAGGTGGCA ACAAAAAAGTGACCCTCACAGATGAGGGAGCTCTGAA GTATGATGGTGGTAAATGGATAGGTCTTGATGATGAT GGCTATGCGGTACAGACCGACAAACCAGTTACAGGTT GGAGCACTAACGGTGGATACCTCTATTTTGACCAAGG CTTAATTGTTTGCACGGAGGACTATATCGGATATGTGA AGAAACATGGTGAATGCAAAGGTGACAGCTATGGTAT GGCTTGGAAGGTACTCCCAGCCGACGATGACAAGGAT GATGACAAGGATGATGATAAAGATGATGACAAGGATT ATGACGATGACAATGACCACGGTGATGGTGATTACTA TTGCTCGATCACAGGAACCTATGCCATCAAATCCAAA GGCAGTAAGCATCAATACGAGGCCATCAAAAAAGTTG ATGCACATCCTCATGTCTTCTCTGTAGGAGGAGATCAG GGAAACGATCTGATTGTGACTTTCCAAAAGGATTGTTC GCTGGTAGATCAAGATAACAGAGGCGTATATGTTGAC CCTAATTCTGGAGAAGTCGGAAACGTTGACCCTTGGG GAGAACTCACGCCATCTGTTAAATGGGATATTGACGA CGGATACCTGATCTTTAATGGTGAGTCCAATTTCAGGT CATGTCCATCTGGTAATGGATATTCATTGTCTATCAAG GATTGTGTTGGGGGAACTGACATTGGCCTTAAAGTAT GGGAGAAAGGTGGAGGTTCTTTGGTTAAGAGGGCTCC AGCTAGATCTCCATCTCCATCCACTCAACCATGGGAAC ACGTTAACGCTATCCAAGAGGCTTTGAGATTGTTGAA CTTGTCCAGAGACACTGCTGCTGAAATGAACGAGACT GTTGAGGTTATCTCCGAGATGTTCGACTTGCAAGAGCC AACTTGTTTGCAGACTAGATTGGAGTTGTACAAGCAG GGATTGAGAGGATCCTTGACTAAGTTGAAGGGACCAT TGACTATGATGGCTTCCCACTACAAGCAACACTGTCCA CCAACTCCAGAAACATCCTGTGCTACTCAGATCATCAC TTTCGAGTCCTTCAAAGAGAACTTGAAGGACTTCTTGT TGGTTATCCCATTCGACTGTTGGGAACCAGTTCAAGAA TAA 110 CWP1-GMCSF MFNLKTILISTLASIAVADQTFGVLLIRSGSPYHYSTLTNR fusion protein DEKIVAGGGNKKVTLTDEGALKYDGGKWIGLDDDGYA VQTDKPVTGWSTNGGYLYFDQGLIVCTEDYIGYVKKHG ECKGDSYGMAWKVLPADDDKDDDKDDDKDDDKDYDD DNDHGDGDYYCSITGTYAIKSKGSKHQYEAIKKVDAHP HVFSVGGDQGNDLIVTFQKDCSLVDQDNRGVYVDPNSG EVGNVDPWGELTPSVKWDIDDGYLIFNGESNFRSCPSGN GYSLSIKDCVGGTDIGLKVWEKGGGSLVKRAPARSPSPS TQPWEHVNAIQEALRLLNLSRDTAAEMNETVEVISEMFD LQEPTCLQTRLELYKQGLRGSLTKLKGPLTMMASHYKQ HCPPTPETSCATQIITFESFKENLKDFLLVIPFDCWEPVQE 111 Kex2 linker GGGSLVKR amino acid sequence

While the present invention is described herein with reference to illustrated embodiments, it should be understood that the invention is not limited hereto. Those having ordinary skill in the art and access to the teachings herein will recognize additional modifications and embodiments within the scope thereof. Therefore, the present invention is limited only by the claims attached herein. 

1-22. (canceled)
 23. A glycoprotein composition comprising: a plurality of antibodies wherein at least 70% of the antibody molecules in the composition have both N-glycosylation sites occupied and about 50 to 70 mole % of the N-glycans are G0, 15-25 mole % of the N-glycans are G1, and about 5 to 15 mole % of the N-glycans comprise a Man₅GlcNAc₂ core structure and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 24. The composition of claim 23, wherein the antibodies comprise an antibody selected from the group consisting of anti-Her2 antibody, anti-RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) antibody, anti-TNFα antibody, anti-VEGF antibody, anti-CD3 receptor antibody, anti-CD41 7E3 antibody, anti-CD25 antibody, anti-CD52 antibody, anti-CD33 antibody, anti-IgE antibody, anti-CD11a antibody, anti-EGF receptor antibody, and anti-CD20 antibody. 25-26. (canceled) 